MINDELEFF. ] WINDOWS. 195 
tive single-paneled door. Many of these small openings, occurring 
most frequently in the back walls of house rows, have the jambs, lin- 
tels, etc., characteristic of the typical modern door. However, as the 
drawings above referred to indicate, there are many openings concern- 
ing the use of which there can be no doubt, as they can only provide 
outlook, light, and air. 
In the most common form of window in present use in Tusayan and 
Cibola the width usually exceeds the height. Although found often in 
what appear to be the older portions of the present pueblos, this shape 
probably does not date very far back. The windows of the ancient pue- 
blos were sometimes square, or nearly so, when of small size, but when 
larger they were never distinguishable from doorways in either size or 
finish, and the height exceeded the width. This restriction of the width 
of openings was due to the exceptionally small size of the building 
stone made use of. Although larger stones were available, the builders 
had not sufficient constructive skill to successfully utilize them. The 
failure to utilize this material indicates a degree of ignorance of 
mechanical aids that at first thought seems scarcely in keeping with 
the massiveness of form and the high degree of finish characterizing 
many of the remains ; but as already seen in the discussion of masonry, 
the latter results were attained by the patient industry of many hands, 
although laboring with but little of the spirit of cooperation. The 
narrowness of the largest doors and windows in the ancient pueblos 
suggests timidity on the part of the ancient builders. The apparently 
bolder construction of the present day, shown in the prevailing use of 
horizontal openings, is not due to greater constructive skill, but rather 
to the markedly greater carelessness of modern construction. 
The same contrast between modern and ancient practice is seen in 
the disposition of openings in walls. In the modern pueblos there does 
not seem to be any regularity or system in their introduction, while in 
some of the older pueblos, such as Pueblo Bonito on the Chaco, and 
others of the same group, the arrangement of the outer openings ex- 
hibits a certain degree of symmetry. The accompanying diagram, 
Fig. 87, illustrates a portion of the northern outer wall of Pueblo Bonito, 
Fig. 87. Diagram illustrating symmetrical arrangement of small openings in Pueblo Bonito. 
in which the small windows of successive rooms, besides being uniform 
in size, are grouped in pairs. The degree of technical skill shown in 
the execution of the masonry about these openings is in keeping with 
the precision with which the openings themselves are placed. Pl. Cv, 
gives a view of a portion of the wall containing these openings. 
