198 PUEBLO ARCHITECTURE. 
Fig. 91 illustrates the manner of making small openings in external 
exposed walls in Zuni. Stone frames occur only occasionally in what 
seem to be the older and least modified portions of the village. At 
Tusayan, however, this method of framing windows is much more notice- 
able, as the exceptional crowding that has exercised such an influence 
on Zuni construction has not occurred there. The Tusayan houses are 
arranged more in rows, often with a suggestion of large inclosures 
resembling the courts of the ancient pueblos. The inclosures have not 
been encroached upon, the streets are wider, and altogether the earlier 
methods seem to have been retained in greater purity than in Zuni. 
The unbroken outer wall, of two or three stories in height, like the same 
feature of the old villages, is pierced at various heights with small open- 
ings that do not seriously impair its efficiency for defense. Tusayan 
examples of these loop-hole-like openings may be seen in Pls. xxu, 
XXII, and XXXIx. 
Fig. 91. Small openings in the back wall of a Zui house-cluster. 
In some of the ancient pueblos such openings were arranged on a dis- 
tinctly defensive plan, and were constructed with great care. Openings 
of this type, not more than 4 inches square, pierced the second story 
outer wall of the pueblo of Wejegi inthe Chaco Canyon. In the pueblo 
of Kin-tiel (Pl. Lxt) similar loop-hole-like openings were very skill- 
fully constructed in the outer wall at the rounded northeastern corner 
of the pueblo. The openings pierced the wall at an oblique angle, as 
shown on the plan. Two of these channel-like loopholes may be seen in 
Pl. Lxv. This figure also shows the carefully executed jamb corners 
and faces of three large openings of the second story, which, though 
greatly undermined by the falling away of the lower masonry, are still 
held in position by the bond of thin flat stones of which the wall is built. 
It is often the practice in the modern pueblos to seal up the windows 
of a house with masonry, and sometimes the doors also during the tem- 
porary absence of the oceupant, which absence often takes place at the 
seasons of planting and harvesting. Atsuch times many Zuni families 
occupy outlying farming pueblos, such as Nutria and Pescado, and the 
