200 PUEBLO ARCHITECTURE. 
its top, and the stones used for the purpose are simply piled up without 
the use of adobe mortar. 
Windows and doors closed with masonry are often met with in the 
remains of ancient pueblos, suggesting, perhaps, that some of the oeeu- 
pants were absent at the time of the destruction of the village. When 
large doorlike openings in upper external walls were built up and 
plastered over in this way, as in some ruins, the purpose was to econo- 
mize heat during the winter, as blankets or rugs made of skins would 
be inadequate. 
Besides the closing and reopening of doors and windows just de- 
scribed, the modern pueblo builders frequently make permanent changes 
insuch openings. Doors are often converted into windows, and windows 
are reduced in size or enlarged, or new ones are broken through the 
walls, apparently, with the greatest freedom, so that they do not, from 
their finish or method of construction, furnish any clue to the antiquity 
of the mud-covered wall in which they are found. Occasionally surface 
weathering of the walls, particularly in Zuni, exposes a bit of horizontal 
pole embedded in the masonry, the lintel of a window long since sealed 
up and obliterated by suecessive coats of mud finish. It is probable 
that many openings are so covered up as to leave no trace of their ex- 
istence on the external wall. In Zuni particularly, where the original 
arrangement for entering and lighting many of the rooms must have 
been wholly lost in the dense clustering of later times, such changes are 
very numerous. It often happens that the addition of a new room will 
shut off one or more old windows, and in such cases the latter are often 
converted into interior niches which serve as open cupboards. Such 
niches were sometimes of considerable size in the older pueblos. Changes 
in the character of openings are quite common in all of the pueblos. 
Usually the evidences of such changes are much clearer in the rougher 
and more exposed work of Tusayan than in the adobe-finished houses 
of Zuni. Pl. cvit illustrates a large balcony-like opening in Oraibi 
that has been reduced to the size of an ordinary door by filling in with 
rough masonry. <A small window has been left immediately over the 
lintel of the newer door. Pl]. cyr illustrates two large openings in this 
village that have been treated in a somewhat similar manner, but the 
filling has been carried farther. Both of these openings have been used 
as doorways at one stage of their reduction, the one on the right hay- 
ing been provided with a small transom; the combined opening was 
arranged wholly within the large one and under its transom. In the 
further conversion of this doorway into a small window, the secondary 
transom was blocked up with stone slabs, set on edge, and a small loop- 
hole window in the upper lefthand corner of the large opening was also 
closed. The masonry filling of the large opening on the left in this 
illustration shows no trace of a transom over the smaller doorway. A 
small loophole in the corner of this large opening is still left open. It 
will be noted that the original transoms of the large openings have in 
all these cases been entirely filled up with masonry. 
