MINDELEFF. ] ROOF OPENINGS. 201 
The clearness with which all the steps of the gradual reduction of 
these openings can be traced in the exposed stone work is in marked 
contrast with the obscurity of such features in Zuni. In the latter 
group, however, examples are occasionally seen where a doorway has 
been partly closed with masonry, leaving enough space at the top for a 
window. Often in such cases the filled-in masonry is thinner than that 
of the adjoining wall, and consequently the form of the original doorway 
is easily traced. Fig. 93, from an adobe wall in Zuni, gives an illustration 
of this. The entrance doorway of the detached Zuni house illustrated 
in P]. LXxx1U, has been similarly reduced in size, leaving traces of the 
orignal form in a slight offset. In modern times, both in Tusayan and 
Cibola, changes in the form and disposition of openings seem to have 
been made with the greatest freedom, butin the ancient pueblos altered 
doors or windows have rarely been found. The original placing of these 
Fic. 93. A Zuni doorway converted into a window. 
features was more carefully considered, and the buildings were rarely 
subjected to unforeseen and irregular crowding. 
In both ancient and modern pueblo work, windows, used only as such, 
seem to have been universally quadrilateral, offsets and steps being con- 
fined exclusively to doorways. 
ROOF OPENINGS. 
The line of separation between roof openings and doors and windows 
is, with few exceptions, sharply drawn. The origin of these roof-holes, 
whose use at the present time is widespread, was undoubtedly in the 
simple trap door which gave access to the rooms of the first terrace. 
Pl. xxxvui, illustrating a court of Oraibi, shows in the foreground a 
kiva hatchway of the usual form seen in Tusayan. Here there is but 
little difference between the entrance traps of the ceremonial chambers 
and those that give access to the rooms of the first terrace; the former 
are in most cases somewhat larger to admit of ingress of costumed dan- 
