202 PUEBLO ARCHITECTURE. 
cers, and the kiva traps are usually on a somewhat sharper slope, con- 
forming to the pitch of the small dome-roof of the kivas, while those of 
the house terraces have the scarcely perceptible fall of the house roofs 
in which they are placed. In Zuni, however, where the development 
and use of openings has been carried further, the kiva hatchways are 
distinguished by a specialized form that will be described later. An 
examination of the plans of the modern villages in Chapter 11 and 111 
will show the general distribution of roof openings. Those used as hatch- 
ways are distinguishable by their greater dimensions, and in many cases 
by the presence of the ladders that give access to the rooms below. The 
smaller roof openings in their simplest form are constructed in essen- 
tially the same manner as the trap doors, and the width is usually regu- 
lated by the distance between two adjacent roof beams. The second 
NICHOLS. 
Fia. 94. Zuni roof-openings. 
series of small roof poles is interrupted at the sides of the opening, which 
sides are finished by means of carefully laid small stones in the same 
manner as are projecting copings. This finish is often carried several 
inches above the roof and crowned with narrow stone slabs, one on each 
of the four sides, forming a sort of frame which protects the mud plas- 
tered sides of the opening from the action of the rains. Examples of 
this simple type may be seen in many of the figures illustrating Chap- 
ters IL and 11, and in Pl. xovir. Fig. 94 also illustrates common types 
of roof openings seen in Zuni. Two of the examples in this figure are 
