206 PUEBLO ARCHITECTURE. 
very small square windows, and consequently no drafts, the column of 
smoke and flame can often on still nights be seen rising vertically from 
the roof. The other portion of the opening containing the ladder is used 
for ingress and egress. This singular combination strongly suggests that 
at no very remote period one opening was used toanswer both purposes, as 
it still does in the Tusayan kivas. It also suggests the direction in which 
differentiation of functions began to take place, which in the kiva was 
delayed and held back by the conservative religious feeling, when in 
the civil architecture it may have been the initial point of a develop- 
ment that culminated in the chimney, a development that was assisted 
in its later steps by suggestions from foreign sources. In the more 
primitively constructed examples the cross pieces seem to be simply laid 
on without any cutting in. The central piece is held in place by a peg 
set into each side piece, the weight and thrust of the ladder helping to 
hold it. The primitive arrangement here seen has been somewhat im- 
proved upon in some other cases, but it was not ascertained whether 
these were of later date or not. 
In the best made frames for kiva entrances the timbers are “ halved” 
in the manner of our carpenters, the jot being additionally secured by 
a pin as shown in Fig. 99. 
The use of a frame of wood in these trap- 
doors dates back to a comparatively high 
antiquity, and is not at all a modern innova- 
tion, as one would at first be inclined to be- 
lieve. Their use in so highly developed a 
form in the ceremonial chamber is an argu- 
ment in favor of antiquity. Only two exam- 
ples were discovered by Mr. L. H. Morgan 
in a ruined pueblo on the Animas. ‘One of 
these measured 16 by 17 inches and the other 
was 16 inches square. Each was formed in 
the floor by pieces of wood put together. 
The work was neatly done.”! 
Unfortunately, Mr. Morgan does not de- 
scribe in detail the manner in which the join- 
ing was effected, or whether the pieces were 
halved or cut to fit. It seems hardly likely, 
considering the rude facilities possessed by 
the ancients, that the enormous labor of re- 
Fic. 99. Halved and pinned trapdoor ducing large pieces of wood to such interfit- 
frame of a Zuni kiva. ting shapes would have been undertaken. A 
certain neatness of finish would undoubtedly be attained by arranging 
the principal roof beams and the small poles that cross them at right 
angles, in the usual careful manner of the ancient builders. The kiva 
roof opening, with the hole serving for access and smoke exit, is paral- 
‘Contributions to N. A. Ethnology, vol. 4, House Life, etc., p. 182. 
