MINDELEFF.] CONCLUSION. 223 
WaILGWAO Dllsatee easier ee a Stones with holes pecked in the ends for holding 
the loom beam while the warp is being adjusted; 
also used as seats; see p. 132. 
Fig. 114. Diagram showing ideal section of terraces, with Tusayan names. 
The accompanying diagram is an ideal section of a Tusayan four-story 
house, and gives the native names for the various rooms and terraces. 
CONCLUDING REMARKS. 
The modern villages of Tusayan and Cibola differ more widely in 
arrangement and in the relation they bear to the surrounding topography 
than did their predecessors even of historic times. 
Many of the older pueblos of both groups appear to have belonged 
to the valley types—villages of considerable size, located in open plains 
or on the slopes of low-lying foothills. A comparison of the plans in 
Chapters 11 and 11 will illustrate these differences. In Tusayan the 
necessity of defense has driven the builders to inaccessible sites, so that 
now all the occupied villages of the province are found on mesa sum- 
mits. The inhabitants of the valley pueblos of Cibola, although com- 
pelled at one time to build their houses upon the almost inaccessible 
summit of Taaiyalana mesa, occupied this site only temporarily, and 
soon established a large valley pueblo, the size and large popula- 
tion of which afforded that defensive efficiency which the Tusayan 
obtained only by building on mesa promontories. This has resulted in 
some adherence on the part of the Tusayan to the village plans of their 
ancestors, while at Zuni the great house clusters, forming the largest 
pueblo occupied in modern times, show a wide departure from the prim- 
itive types. In both provinces the architecture is distinguished from 
that of other portions of the pueblo region by greater irregularity of 
