224 PUEBLO ARCHITECTURE. 
plan and by less skillfully executed constructional details; each group, 
however, happens to contain a notable exception to this general care- 
lessness. 
In Cibola the pueblo of Kin-tiel, built with a continuous defensive 
outer wall, occupies architecturally a somewhat anomalous position, not- 
withstanding its traditional connection with the group, and the Fire 
House occupies much the same relation in reference to Tusayan. The 
latter, however, does not break in upon the unity of the group, since the 
Tusayan, toa much greater extent than the Zuni, are made up of remnants 
of various bands of builders. In Cibola, however, some of the Indians 
state that their ancestors, before reaching Zuni, built a number of 
pueblos, whose ruins are distinguished from those illustrated in the 
present paper by the presence of circular kivas, this form of ceremonial 
room being, apparently, wholly absent from the Cibolan pueblos here 
discussed. 
The people of Cibola and of Tusayan belong to distinct linguistie 
stocks, but their arts are very closely related, the differences being no 
greater than would result from the slightly different conditions that 
have operated within the last few generations. Zuni, perhaps, came 
more directly under early Spanish influence than Tusayan. 
Churches were established, as has been seen, in both provinces, but 
it is doubtful whether their presence produced any lasting Impression 
on the people. In Tusayan the sway of the Spaniards was very brief. 
At some of the pueblos the churches seem to have been built outside of 
the village proper where ample space was available within the pueblo; 
but such an encroachment on the original inclosed courts seems never 
to have been attempted. Zuni is an apparent exception; but all the 
house clusters east of the church have probably been built later than 
the church itself, the church court of the present village being a much 
larger area than would be reserved for the usual pueblo court. These 
arly churches were, as a rule, built of adobe, even when occurring in 
stone pueblos. The only exception noticed is at Ketchipauan, where it 
was built of the characteristic Indian smoothly chinked masonry. The 
Spaniards usually intruded their own construction, even to the compo- 
sition of the bricks, which are nearly always made of straw adobe. 
At Tusayan there is no evidence that a church or mission house ever 
formed part of the villages on the mesa summits. Their plans are com- 
plete in themselves, and probably represent closely the first pueblos 
built on these sites. These summits have been extensively occupied 
only in comparatively recent times, although one or more small clusters 
may have been built here at an early date as outlooks over the fields in 
the valleys below. 
It is to be noted that some of the ruins connected traditionally and 
historically with Tusayan and Cibola differ in no particular from stone 
pueblos widely scattered over the southwestern plateaus which have 
been from time to time invested with a halo of romantic antiquity, and 
