240 ME. A. S. HOENE— A CONTEIBUTION TO 



"been repeatedly made to the Hamamelidacese and Caprifoliacese in tlie attempt to arrive 

 at an interpretation of the floral morphology and a solution of the phylogeny of 

 Davldia, it soon became evident that a close scrutiny of the evolutionary tendencies 

 exhibited by these families would lead to a hroader conception of the significance of the 

 new discoveries, and shed considerable light uiDon the origin of the flower in several 



B 



of Cornaceae. Influenced by these considerations, the author has undertak 



elaborate and extended investigation of the Hamamelidacese, Caprifoliacese, and the 



+ 



Cornaceae (as defined by Harms), notwithstanding the fact that these families are 

 arranged in different cohorts in Engler's System — with the object of elucidating the true 

 phylogeny of tlie Cornacese, and in the belief that the investigation would have a direct 

 bearing upon the whole question of the phylogeny of the Angiosperms. 



It is the object then of the present paper to record the facts that have been observed, 



and to present 



that have been deduced from a comparative study of 



evolutionary changes which are evident among the Hamamelidacese, Caprifoliacese, 

 Cornaceae, Araliacete, and other nearly associated families. 



The composition of the family Hamamelidacese varies but little in the chief systematic 

 works. Of the eighteen genera enumerated by Niedenzu *, in ' Die Pflanzenfamilien,' 

 fifteen are recorded by Beiitham and Hooker f, sixteen by Baillon f, and nine of the ten 

 genera known to science at the time, by Endlicher §. Our knowledge of the general 

 morphology is largely due to Baillon's || researches, which are described in ' Adansonia.' 

 Daniel Oliver 1" contributed a valuable paper on Si/copsls, a new genus of Hamameli- 

 dacese, in 1860, and a note ** relating to the structure of the anther in Hamamelis and 

 Loropetalum in 1862. The embryology of several genera was.studied by Shoemaker ff 

 in 1905. 



The composition of the family Caprifoliaceae has also varied little in the different 

 systems. Of the eleven genera enumerated by FritschJJ in 'Die Pflanzenfamilien,' 

 all are recorded by Bentham and Hooker, and nine by Endlicher. Adoxa, appearm 

 in Bentham and Hooker's list, is not retained by Fritsch. E. Hock §§ proposed the 

 transference of Sambucus to a new family, the Sambucaceae, but his suggestion has not 

 received general acceptance. 



The literature is chiefly systematic, or of a strictly morphological character. Maxi- 

 mowicz II II contributed an extensive monograph on the Caprifoliaceee to the ' Bulletin de 

 r Academic Imperiale des Sciences de Saint Petersbourg.' Oersted ^^ revised the grouping 



cr 



* F. Kiedenzu in Engl. u. Pranll, IS'at. Tfl., Teil iii. Abt. 2 a (1891) 115-130. 

 t G. Bentham et J. D. Hooker, Gen. PI. ii. 664-660. 



H. Baillon, Histoire des Plantes, iii. (1872) 456-461. § S. Endlicher, Gen. Pi. (1836-1840) 8 



II H. Baillon in Adansonia, i., v., xi. % D. Oliver in Linn. See. Trans., Bot. xxiii. (I860) 



•* D. Oliver, Z. c. (1862) 457. ft D. ^^ Shoemaker in Bot. Gaz. xxxix. (1905) 248 



tt Fritsch in Engl. u. Prantl, Nat. Pfl., Teil iv. Abfc. 4 (1891) 156. 

 §§ r. Hock in Bot. Centr. li. (1892) 233. 



ini C. J. Maximowicz in Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Petersbourg: xxiv., Lonicem (1878); xxvi., Vilurmim 

 (1880); xxvii., Triosteum (1881); xxxi., Linncea, Diervilla (1887). 

 If Oersted in Tidensk. Meddel. Naturh. Foren. Kobenh. tI. & vii. (1861) 267-305, 



