• 
47G 
SEDGWICK AND WINSLOW. 
BACILLUS OF TYPHOID FEVER. 
culture media sliowed bacterial growth when inoculated with melted ice or with 
r 
snow. In tlie next year, Colin ^"^ described experiments in which nutrient solutions 
containing bacteria were not sterilized by exposure to a temperature ranging as 
low as -18° C. for about 6 hours or by a temperature with a minimum of —7° C. for 
18 hours. 
Professor Joseph Leidy, in 1884/^^^ exhibited, at a meeting of the Academy of 
Natural Sciences at Philadelphia, snow water derived from melted ice, containing 
only Infusoria but also Rotifers and W 
Pohl 
same year,^^''^ recorded 
the finding of many bacteria in snow and ice, 110 per centimeter in Neva ice, and 
20,774 in one sample of bubbly ice. He also found bacteria in falling snow, the 
number decreasing with the continuation of the storm. A report on the ice supply 
of the city of Syracuse ^^^^ was made to the New York Board of Health in 1886 in 
which the presence of a great number of bacteria was noted in ice from Onondaga 
I 

d the Erie C 
I 
1888 Breunig<^«^ found 1310-2760 germs 
in ice, and 
Kowalski ^''•^' analyzed sixty samples of natural ice, and found from 10 to 1000 germs 
per cub 
pie bein 
o 
Still another paper was published at 
1888-89, by Hey 
ho studied the Berl 
pply, and, in 25 
found from 2 to 133,000 bacteria per cubic centimeter, the highest fig 
ipond 
mi 
analy 
showed the 
m 
marked poUu 
An 
elaborate report was made by the State Board of Health of Massachusetts in 1889 
in which 238 samples of natural 
from the ponds and streams of this State 
cak 
lyzed bacteriologically.. The figures for ice from different por 
of the 
were as 
follo^ 
vs : 
r 
t 
I 
Transparent Too 
Clear Ice , , 
Bubbly Ice . . 
Snow Ice . . 
Number of 
Samples. 
* — 
27 
75 
113 
23 
Bacteria per c.c. 
Maximum. 
893 
370 
1950 
2968 
Minimum. 




Average. 
, 105 
16 
111 
622 
- 
A "Lancet" analytical sanitary commission made an examination of some ice sold 
London in 1893, and found that while all the specimens gave coc 
1 chemical anah 
amined contained 400 
00 bacteria per cub 
(22) 
in 189 
Girard and Bordas'-> published some startling analyses of the Paris ice-supply 
They found a minimum of 23,000 colonies and a 
per cubic 
maxHTium 
of 100,000 
centimeter, including the Bac 
us 
coli 
com 
dap 
tho 
