SEDGWICK AND WINSLOW. — BACILLUS OF TYrHOiD FEYEIl. ' 4 
/ / 
genie vibrio. These q 
ge as to suggest that tl 
»c sam- 
ples were probably not planted promptly after melting 
Christomonas<2^) has recently studied artificial ice, and reports that ^vhcn wat,r 
containing 71 bacteria per centimeter was frozen, 450 germs per centimeter wtre 
found in the central core and 8-10 in the clear ice at the sides. 
The bacteria of snow and hail have also received considerable attention. Soon 
after the work of Pohl/'^' Janowsky<*> made analyses of old and of frcbLIy fallen 
snow In the neighborhood of Kiew, and found bacteria in both, less in tlie former <}i;m 
in the latter. Schmelk^^^) studied the bacterial life in the snow of a Norwe^nrm 
glacier and in the chill streams flowing therefrom ; and in a later paper ^"^ he recorded 
numbers in both snow and ice at Christiania. Buiwid^^^ found 21,000 
cria 
per cubic centimeter in the analysis of a melted hail-stone; and Foutin^'*^ in Russia 
obtained similar, though smaller, figures. 
Giacosa^^^ found bacteria present in small numbers in snow lying at an elevation 
of 3800 meters above the sea, and Abbott ^^^^ noted 703 colonies per cubic centi- 
meter in hail. Dominguez/^-^ in 1892, published a paper on the bacterial content of 
hail; and finally, Scofone,^^^ who accompanied a scientific expedition to Monte 
Kosa in 1894-95, recorded the presence of small numbers of bacteria in melted 
snow obtained from high altitudes. In the following year he gave the results 
of some examinations made on a plateau 2460 meters above the sea, which coi 
his previous conclusion that the bacteria in the deeper layers of the snow were 
somewhat more numerous than in the superficial layers.^^^ 
firmed 
The number of bacte 
presen 
has been shown at times to b 
enormous. Klein ^^^ found the germ content of London ice-cream very high, and B. 
coH communis frequently present. Nield-Cook^^). recorded from 5,000,000 to 
14,000,000 germs per cubic centimeter in ice-cream from the same source, the 
majority being colon bacilli. Stevenson^^'^ testified, at the trial of an Italian ice- 
cream vendor, that he had found over 4000 germs per cubic centimeter, of which 
three proved to be B. coli communis. Wilkinson ^^> reached similar results, and 
quoted, without reference, the following results of other observers : — 
Macfadyen 119,000 — 7,000,000 bacteria per cubic centimeter. 
U ti {( « 
Kantback 8,000,000 - 13,000,000 
Foulerton 500,000- 7,000,000 " " " " 
■ 
In this connection it may be interesting to note the very small numbers of 
bacteria present in the air and water of the Arctic regions. Nystrom'^^ discovered 
this fact in 1868 by the exposure of a number of flasks of putrescible matter, after the 
