SEDGWICK AND WINSLOW. — BACILLUS OF TYPHOID FEVER. 4 
if broken by a return to 40° for a time, " nothing living can resist it/' but his own 
and other later researches showed the error of this conclusion. Foisler, in 1^02,'*'' 
examined various natural waters, foods, wastes, sweepings, and >inU fur l-acterin 
capable of growth at 0°, and found a few such forms in water, cartli, and i^freot 
sweepings. When present at all they occurred in great nunibors. Forstcr n1«o 
demonstrated the multiplication of bacteria and the progrew of decomposition in 
butcher's meat chopped up and kept in an ice calorimeter. Fischer^ noted that 
Miller's vibrio and the vibrio of Finkler and Prior could withstand a freezing tempera- 
ture for some days. 
Pictet, in 1893,'^*^ studied the effect of cold on planb and animals of (ho rno^t 
widely separated classes. Of the bacteria he subjected 30 to SO species to Icuipora 
tures ranging as low as -200^ C. by immersing them in liquid air, but the viability of 
the germs used appeared unaffected after "prolonged" treatment of this mti. 
D'Arsonval and Charrin^^^^ subjected cultures of Bacillus pyocyaneus to a temperature 
of -40° to -60° C. with the result that, in six out of eight instances, the germs 
remained alive. 
In another paper ('^^^ these authors mentioned that Bacillus pyocyancus after 
I 
exposure to -40°, -60°, and -95° C. exhibited profound changes in morpholo-y an 
physiology. For some generations the descendants of the frozen germs showed 
o 
ted, ovoid, and other abnormal forms, and 
gcla 
of unusual character. Weber ^^^ noted that Ilofer's bacillus, produc 
disease among Crustacea, can endure a temperature of -40° C. for fo 
as repeated thawings and fi 
Professor Masoi 
f 
i(^> recorded the exposure of cultures of "ordinary bacteria" to the 
d carbon dioxide for many hours without causing their destruction. 
Still more recently Kavenel<^> submitted cultures of the anthrax, diphtheria, and 
typhoid bacilli, and of Bacillus prodigiosus-to the temperature of liquid air, 191 below 
zero Centigrade, for periods of three hours, thirty minutes, one hour, and one hour 
respectively ; in no case could any weakening of the vegeUitive power of the culture 
be detected 
Besides Pictet and Young <«> and Eavenel '«> a number of other observers have 
Cad&c 
tested the effect of low temperatures upon specific pathogenes. 
found that tuberculous matter kept frozen for four months still produced char.- 
teristic symptoms in guinea pigs. In some work on the spores and vegetative for, 
of Bacillus anthracis carried out by one of the Franklands and Dr. Tcmpleman il 
was found that a single freezing at -20' C. reduced the numbers present m water from 
