480 SEDGWICK AND WINSLOW. — BACILLUS OF TYPHOID FEYER. 
15,000 to 3500 per cubic centimeter, and after 29 successive freezings, extendini 
period of three months, 3000 germs per centimeter could still develop; Evi 
spore 
dently the vegetative forms were killed by one. freezing, and the 
Another culture which was spore-free showed reduction from 8000 germs per centimeter 
to 2 per centimeter after one freezing, sterilization following the second freezing. 
Gabritschewskj, Wladimiroff, and Kressling and Gladin quoted bj Kasansky^^^) 
found that the plague germ could bear an artificial cold of -22' C. for two 
and 
natural cold ranging from 0° to -20° C. for from twelve to forty days. Kasansky 
himself in 1897-98 made some interesting experiments on the resistance of the specific 
O 
of plague and diphtheria against cold. The cultures were placed outside 
window of the laboratory at Kasan, sheltered from light but exposed to the 
cold, which ranged front a maximum of 5° C. to -34' C. Bouillon cultures of the 
plague germ showed life after thirty-two days ; four months' exposure sterilized most 
of the tubes, but in one' case growth was obtained after six months. Of the agar 
cultures tested some died in four months, and others contained living Lrerms after 
germ 
five months and a half. Sixteen bouillon tubes of the diphtheria bacillus were kept 
for six months under similar conditions, and one tube only showed growth at the end 
of that time ; two of the others, however, still gave positive results on the fifty-third 
d one hundred and eighteenth day, respectively. 
exposed cultures of the diphtheria germ on blood serum and on dried 
Ab 
ad 
the winter's cold at Greifswald, and compared them with cultures 
k 
in 
ge 
in the room in the same condition. The first race used persisted on the blood serum 
for the whole period of eighty-six days both in the room and out of doors, although 
the second case the growth obtained was meagre after the fiftieth day. The dried 
-ais had disappeared by the sixty-eighth day ont of doors and by the seventy- 
lourth indoors. Of the second race the serum culture remained alive in the room 
all through the experiment; the frozen one showed no growth after the seventy- 
ouuh day^ The threads gave living germs up to the seventy-fourth day in-doors and 
up to the fifty-sixth day out-doors. The threads of the third race gave precisely the 
the end n tl ' '''"" '"^'""'^ ^'P* ^" '^'' -^"^ ^--^ vigorous growths up to 
1 : '^'':J^'' The^out-door temperature durin. the. xn.r^n..nt 
12' C. to - 20' C 
during the experiment varied from 
With 
regard to the behavior of the typhoid bacillus in ice. there is more evidence 
allable. Dr. Carl Seitz^-) noted in 18877^ "' '""' '" """"" 
.uillon, and rnill. ^... ' ' }^^^ ^^""^ ^"^^^^^^ ^^ this organism in g 
bouillon, and milk were 
rendered 
by the continuance of a temperature 
