96 STONE ART. [fth.ann.is 



yard .and a half long tied to it, the other end being tied to the arm 

 above the elbow. - 



The specimens of class (7 may be broken axes. Figure 94 (granite, 

 from Butler county, Ohio) shows a form (juite common throughout cen- 

 tral and western Ohio. They are generally small, have evidently never 

 been sharp, aud were in all probability intended for hammers from the 

 beginning. 



Mortars. 



The Indian mortars in the collection are nearly always of sandstone 

 of varying degrees of lineuess. As is the case with cupped stones, 

 wheu made of slabs, both sides have been worked; when of rough 

 blocks, only one. 



The Senecas and Cayugas are said by Morgan to have used wooden 

 mortars in which to pound corn after it was hulled,^ and it is possible 

 "rra*3«jHg&. that the long pestles of soft stone were used with 

 wooden mortars, though some are not well adaj)ted 

 to this use. The Iroquois women pounded in stone 

 mortars the stony material used in tempei'ing the 

 clay for their pottery.^ The California Indians 

 made mortars by knocking a segment off a bowlder, 

 making a flat surface, and working out with a 

 hammer and chisel,^ while the tribes of the interior 

 Fig. 94.— Grooved hammer, worked (lirectly from the surface ol a suitable rock. 

 The Yokuts, according to Powers, use tolerably well made stone mor- 

 tars, and sometimes place a basket-like arrangement around the top 

 to prevent the acorns from flying out.^ 



No two specimens of the mortars aud nietate-like stones in the Bu- 

 reau collection are alike; tlie nearest approach that can be made to a 

 classification is as fallows: 



A. Smooth aud flat on one or both sides; for use with mullers; from 

 McMiun county, Tennessee, and Allamakee county, Iowa. 



B. With round cavities on one or both sides; for round or cylindrical 

 pestles; from McMiun county, Tennessee. A cobblestone from Bradley 

 county, Tennessee, has a shallow cavity in either side and a pit in the 

 center of each. From Kanawha valley there is a slab weighing about 

 2.5 pounds, flat and smooth on one side, as though primarily used with 

 a muller and the regular even cavity afterward made; on the other 

 side a cavity aud a cupped hole have been worked in from the natural 

 surface. A slab from Warren county, Ohio, has a shallow cavity worked 

 into one side aud a cupped hole in the other. From Union county, 



• League of the Iroquois, p. 359. 



^Carver, Jonathan; Travels in North America, p. 191. 



5 Report to Regenta of tlie Univ. of New York, vol. li, p. 86. 



^ SL-hoolcraft, Notes on the Iroquois, p. '239. 



^ Schumacher, 11th Ann. Kept. Peabody Museum, p. 264. 



^ Powers, Contributions to N. A. Eth.. vol. ill, p. 377. 



