FOWKE] CHUNGKE STONES. 99 



cylindrical throwing stones, perforated for the stick, are found among 

 the Swiss lake dwellings.' According to Evans^ they were used 

 mostly as hammers or clubs. They are hard and battered on the edges ; 

 sinkers would be of softer stone. 



The most complete article that has yet been given concerning the 

 forms and uses of perforated stones is that by H. W. Henshaw.-* 



DiscoiDAL Stones. 



There are numerous references to discoidal stones by various writers, 

 but a majority of the objects do not fall under any explanation that has 

 so far been given. 



The Choctaw luilians used disks two fingers wide and two spans 

 around in playing "chungke,"* and the Indians of North Carolina were 

 much addicted to a sport called "chenco," played with a staff and a 

 bowl made with stone .^ The same kind of game was, or still is, played 

 with hoops or rings of wood or rawhide by the Iroquois,'' the Pawnee,' 

 the Apache," the Navajo,' the Mohave,'" and the Omaha;" also, with 

 rings of stone, by the Arikara,'^ the Mandan,'^ and other tribes. 



The game of chungke, however, will account for only a small part of 

 the great number of stones of this form. The Indians of southern 

 California, in manufacturing pottery, make the clay compact and smooth 

 by holding a rounded and smooth stone against the inside.'* The Fijians, 

 in making pottery, use a small, round flat stone to shape the inside,'^ 

 ■while the Indians of Guiana use ancient axes or smooth stones for pol- 

 ishing the clay in making their vessels.'^ According to Evans," pitted 

 disks were used as pestles, hammers, or muUers; a thick one with 

 pitted ends was found in a mortar at Holyhead.'" Under the head of 

 pestles and of perforated stones further references will be found that 

 may apply as well to this form of implements. 



No kind of relic is more difficult to classify. From the smooth, sym- 

 metrical, highly-polished chungke stone they gradually merge into 

 mullers, pestles, pitted stones, polishers, hammers,'' ornaments, and 



' Knight, E. H., in Smithsonian Keport for 1879. p. 232. 



' Stone Implements, p. 194. 



*Bul. Bur. of Eth.. "Perforated Stones from California." 



* Adair, American Indians, p. 402. 



^Lawson; History of North Carolina, p. 98. 



^Morgan; League of the Iroquois, p. 299. 



'Irving, J. T.; Indian Sketches, vol. ii, p. 142. 



^Cremony, J. C; Life Among the Apaches, p. 302. 



'Matthews, W.i Smithsonian lioport for 1884, p. 814. 



10 Keport of Pacific Railroad .Survey, vol. ill, p. 114. 



" Long; Expedition to Rocky Mountains, vol. I, p. 205. 



'^ Brackinridge, H. M. ; View.s of Louisiana, p. 256. 



'^Catlin; North American Indians, vol I, p. 132. 



'* Schumacher, in Twelfth Annual Rei)ort Peabody Museum, p. 522. 



'* Lubbock; Prehistoric Times, p. 648. 



'^Im Thum in Jour. Anth. Inst. Gt. Br. and Ireland, vol. ir, p. 047. 



'^ stone Implements, p. 218. 



"Ibid., p. 227. 



' "For any or all of which purposes they may liave been used in the course of their maniilacture. 



