FowKE) MODE OF CHIPPING. 141 



Tlie Shasta Indian lays a stone anvil on Lis knee, holds the edge of 

 the tiake against it, and witli his stone liammer chips oft' tialces, tiiiisli- 

 ing the base first, and gently chipping the whole arrow into shape. 

 Both obsidian and glass are used.' The Shoshoni Indians used the 

 same process.^ 



A Pit Kiver ludian has been seen to make a very sharp and i)ierc- 

 ing arrow from a piece of quartz, with only a piece of round bone, one 

 end of which was hemispherical with a small crease in it (as if made by 

 a tliread) one-sixteenth of an inch deep. The arrow was made by 

 pressing off flakes by main strength, the crease being to prevent the 

 bone from slipping, and affording no leverage.^ John Smith (1607) says 

 of the Powhatan Indian : 



His arrowhead he niaketh quickly, with ii little bone, of any spliut of stone or 

 glass.* 



The Cloud River Indian used two deer prongs, one much smaller than 

 the other, the points ground to the form of a square, sharp-pointed 

 file. He had also some pieces of iron wire tied to sticks and ground iu 

 the samemanner; these were better than the deer horn, because harder, 

 and not needing to be sharpened so often. The flake was held firnily 

 iu the left hand, guarded by a piece of buckskin ; he i>ressed off chips 

 with the larger tool, turning the arrow eud-for-end when done on one 

 side, so as to keep the edge opposite the middle line. The notches for 

 bai'bs were worked out in a similar manner with the smaller tool.'' 



Some of the California Indians prefer agate and obsidian for their 

 im])lenients, as the close grain admits more careful working. They use a 

 tool with its working edge shaped like a glazier's diamond (apparently a 

 piece of bone or antler with a square-cut notch on the side) ; the flake is 

 held in the left hand, while the nick in the side of the tool is used to chip 

 small fragments.'' Peale makes similar statements, and adds that the 

 notches are of different sizes to suit the difterent stages of work." 



The Klamath Indians, according to Schumacher, have a slender stick 

 1^ feet long, with a piece of sea-lion tooth, or antler, fastened to the 

 end of it. Holding one end under the arm to steady it, they take a 

 flake in the left hand, wrapped in a piece of buckskin so as to leave only 

 the edge exposed, and by pressure with the point of the tool break off 

 flakes aslarge as necessary, the last being quite flne, to give sharp edges 

 to the arrow. The notches are worked out by means of a point of bone 

 4 or 5 inches long, without a shaft.^ Chase gives a similar account, 

 but says that iron points have now taken the place of the bone or horn 

 points formerly used.'' 



'Batcroft; Native Haces, vol. i, p. 342. 



'Schoolcraft ; Indian Tribes, vol. I, p. 212. 



*Beckwitli in Rep. Pac. K. R. Survey, viil. n, p. 43. 



* History of Virjiinia. 



*Rediling in Anier. Naturalist, vol. xiii, p. 665. 



^Cheever in ibid., vol. iv, \t. 139. 



'Cited liy Stevens, Flint Chip.n, p. 78. 



SHayden Survey, Bull. 3, 1877, p. 547. 



•MS. account of theShell Mounds of Oregon. 



