FOWKE ] 



IMPLEMENT NOMENCLATURE. 



143 



been lost.' The California Indians liad arrows tipped with hard-pointed 

 wood for common use, and with agate or obsidian for war.^ 



The accompanying diagram (figure 170) will render phxiu the difterent 

 terms used in the following descriptions: 



.0- 



Fig. 176. — Diagram, explaining terms. 



The only difference between barb and shoulder is that the barb is 

 prolonged toward the base. The shoulder is called squared or rounded 

 according to whether the edge of the implement makes an angle or a 

 curve where drawn in to form the stem. 



In the stemless specimens the base is the end opposite the point. 



A tapering stem means one narrowing toward the base; straight, one 

 whose sides are parallel ; and expanding, one which is widest at the base. 



Stemless Fllnts. 

 characters and uses. 



The stemless flints are triangular or oval in outline. For convenience 

 they will be divided into those small enough for arrowpoiuts (not above 

 2| inches long) and those which are too large for such purpose. The 

 latter reach to the length of 7i inches. They are chipped to a sharp 

 edge all around. The ratio of width to length varies from 1:4 to 4:5. 



These objects were mostly for use as knives, scrapers or spearheads. 

 Some of the thicker ones were spikes for clubs. Abbott ^ mentions three 

 triangular jasper implements 3 to 4 inches long from graves, associated 

 with fragments of large bones which showed plainly that they had 

 been used for clubs, and the Iroquois are known to have used a club 

 with a sharp-pointed deer-horn about four inches long inserted in the 

 lower side. Schoolcraft* illustrates a pointed stone with a square 



' Adair; American Indians, p. 410. 

 ^Cheever in Anier. Naturalist, vol. iv, p. 139. 

 ^ The section below shows this more plainly. 

 *Amrr. Naturalist, vol. s, p. 116. 

 6 Indian Tribes, vol. ll, p. 74, tig. 5. 



