FOWKE] 



USES OF PERFOKATORS. 



1G5 



drill, e. g., of flint or saudstoue; (5) drilling or punching with metal. 

 It should be remembered that there are no evidences of the use of any 

 metal except copper for economic purposes by the 

 aborigines of the United States; and nearly every- 

 thing of this material seems to have been ornamental 

 in character. Bancroft says that the Nootka, in bor- 

 ing in -wood, use a bird-bone drill worked between 

 the hands,' while according to Schumacher, the 

 Santa Barbara Indians chip out rough disks of shell, 

 pierce them with a flint drill, and enlarge the hole 

 with a slender, round piece of sandstone.^ The 

 Atlantic coast Indians drilled shell beads with a nail 

 stuck in a cane or stick, rolling the drill on their 

 thighs with the right hand, and holding the shell in 

 the left;^ and the southern Indians, according to 

 C. C. Jones, pierced shell beads with heated copper 

 drills.^ Evans has found that ox-horn and sand 

 make good borers,'* while low tribes on the Amazon 

 make crystal tubes an inch in diameter and u]} to 8 

 inches long by rubbing and drilling with a flexible 

 shoot of wild plantain, twirled between the hands, 

 with sand and water ; * and Tylor expresses the opin- ^„., 04; 

 ion that such operations are not the result of high 

 mechanical skill, but merely of the most simple and savage processes.' 



STEMLESS FftRMS. 



A. Base straight or nearly so ; edges straight and parallel, sometimes 

 half the length from the base, thence with concave curve which is 

 reversed near the end to give a blunt point; these, usu- 

 ally the wider ones, are always thin, and were ijrobably 

 knives. The smaller ones, resembling the small triangu- 

 lar arrows except for the sharpened upper end, may have 

 been for arrowheads, though the sharp points would have 

 served well as awls or needles. Many of the smaller ones 

 seem to be made from small broken arrowheads; exem- 

 plified by the specimen from Montgomery county, North 

 Carolina, shown in figure 245. The collection includes ma- 

 terial from western and central North Carolina ; eastern 

 Tennessee; Kanawha valley; northeastern Alabama; 

 Fig. we.-Perfora. South Carolina; Keokuk, Iowa; and Savaniiah, Georgia. 



tor, not stemmed, ' ^ r^ 



double pointed. J}, Slcuder, somcwhat larger about the middle and 

 tapering to a point at each end, or regularly and gradually decreasing 



i.— Perforator, not 

 stemmed. 



'Hayden Surv., Bnl. 3, 1877, p. 43. 



' Antiq. of the Southern Indians, p. 230. 



'Native Races, vol. I, p. 189. 



sBrickell; Nat. Hist, of N. C, p. 339. 



^Stone Implements, p. 46. 



'Stevens; Flint Chips, p. 96. Tylor; Early History of Mankind, p. 188. 



'It would seem that in nsing a wood or horn drill, water would be a disadvanta;:e, as the drill 

 would swell and wear rapidly away when wet, thug choking the bore. The sand also would be forced 

 into the drill instead of sticking to its surface, thus being less effective. 



