FOWKE 1 



VARIETIES OF SCRAPERS. 



169 



come from easteru Tennessee,- Kanawha valley ; western North Caro- 

 lina; southern and southwestern Wisconsin; southwestern Illinois; 

 Scioto valley, Ohio; and Savannah, Georgia. 



SCRAI'KKS. 



The same remarks as to form and method of making apply to 

 stemmed scrapers as to blunt arrows, except that the chipping of the 

 end is always from one face so as to produce a chisel edge. This edge 

 is freq uently smooth or polished from use. They would answer very well 



for smoothing do wuiirti- 



cles made of wood, or 

 for cleaninghides in tan- 

 ning; they would also 

 serve excellently for re- 

 moving scales from fish, 

 and as they are usually 

 abundant in the vicinity 

 of good fishing places, 



1 II.. -i-.— stemmed scraper. 



they were no doubt employed for this purpose. 



The material in the Bureau collection is represented by the specimens 

 shown in figures 257 and 258, from Savannah, Georgia, and Dane<;ounty, 

 Wisconsin, respectively. Other exam- 

 ples come from southern Wisconsin; 



southwestern Illinois ; Kanawha valley, t II'I'M 



West Virginia; northeastern Kentucky; / ■> % Mu 



Miami valley, Ohio; central North Caro- 

 lina; eastern Tennessee; and Savannah, „ . ..j,™ „ . 

 Georgia. i^.' «^> '» f^^ 



STEMLESS. 



A few quotations regarding the use fh. im -stemmed scraper. 



and mode of manufacture of stemless scrapers may be given : 



According to Evans, they are made by laying a flake flat side up on 

 a stone, and chipping off around the edge with a hammer. The point 

 struck must rest directly on the under stone, and but a thin spall is 

 struck oft" at each blow.' Leidy observed that the Shoshoni by a quick 

 blow strike off a segment of a quartz bowlder in such a way as to form 

 a circular or oval implement flat on one side, convex on the other, which 

 is used as a scraper in dressing buft'alo hides;'' and according to Knight 

 the Australians obtain, in exactly the same way, specimens which they 

 use as axes.' Peale remarks that while hides are green they are 

 stretched on the ground and scraped with an instrument resembling an 

 adze;'' and Dodge says more explicitly that when the stretched skin has 

 become hard and dry, the woman goes to work on it with an adze like 



* stone Implements. 

 ^Hayden Survey, 1872, p. 653. 



'Smithsonian Report for 1879, p. 236. 

 « n)ld, 1870, p. 390. 



