194 ABORIGINAL REMAINS IN VERDE VALLEY [eth.ann. 13 



is noteworthy that in this case stone villages occur in eoujunctiou with 

 and subordinate to the cavate lodges, while elsewhere within this region 

 and in other regions the cavate lodges are found either alone or in con- 

 junction with and subordinate to stone villages. To this latter type 

 belong a number of cavate lodges on the northern side of Clear creek, 

 about 4 miles above its mouth. The cavate lodges of the Verde differ 

 in some particulars from those found in other regions ; they are not exca- 

 vated in tufa or volcanic ash, nor are the fronts of the chambers gen- 

 erally walled up. Front walls are found here, but they are the exception 

 and not the rule. 



Bowlder-marked sites are scattered over the whole region here treated 

 although they are more abundant iu the southern part than in the north- 

 ern. They are so abundant that their locations could not be indicated 

 on the accompanying map (plate xi). These constitute a peculiar type, 

 not found elsewhere in the experience of the writer, and present some 

 points of interest. They vary in size from one room to considerable 

 settlements, but the average size is two or three rooms. They are 

 always located with reference to some area, generally a small one, of 

 tillable laud which they ovei'look, and all the data now available sup- 

 port the inference that they mark the sites of small farming or tempo- 

 rary shelters, occupied only during the farming season and abandoned 

 each winter by the inhabitants, who then I'eturn to the main pueblo — 

 a custom prevalent today among the pueblos. These sites are found on 

 the flat bottom lauds of the river, on the upper terraces overlooking 

 the bottoms, on points of the foothills, in fact everywhere where there 

 is an area of tillable laud large enough to grow a few hills of corn. 

 They often occur in conjunction with irrigating ditches and other horti- 

 cultural works ; sometimes they are located on small hillocks in the beds 

 of streams, locations which must be covered with water during the 

 annual floods ; sometimes they are found at the bases of promontories 

 bordering on drainage channels and on the banks of arroyas, where 

 they might be washed away at any time. In short, these sites seem 

 to have been selected without any thought of their permanency. 



Irrigating ditches and horticultural works were found in this region, 

 but not in gieat abundance ; perhaps a more careful and detailed exami- 

 nation would reveal a much larger number than are now known. Fine 

 examples ot irrigating ditches were found at the extreme northern 

 and the extreme southern limits of the region here treated, and there 

 is a fair presumption that other examples occur in the intermediate 

 country. These works did not reach the magnitude of those found 

 in the Gila and Salt river valleys, perhaps partly for the reason that 

 the great fall of Verde river and its tributaries renders only short 

 ditches necessary to bring the water out over the terraces, and also 

 partly because irrigation is not here essential to successful horticulture. 

 In good years fair crops can be obtained without irrigation, and today 

 this method of farming is pursued to a limited extent. 



