314 CASA GRANDE RUIN. [eth.ann. 13 



structiou of the building tlie floor beams were laid on the tops of the 

 walls, and that the intervening spaces were filled with small lumps of 

 material up to a level with or a little above the upper surface of the 

 beams, the regular construction with large blocks being then resumed. 

 In the middle room many blocks bearing the imprint of grass and 

 rushes were found, and the rough marking ot the walls just above the 

 floor beams is covered in places in this room with masonry composed 

 of these grass marked blocks projecting some distance into the room, 

 inilicating that in this room at least they mark the position of a bench. 

 These blocks occupy the whole thickness of the setback at the second 

 roof level — perhaps an indication that the upper story was added after 

 the building was occupied. 



OPENINGS. 



The Casa Grande was well i)rovided with doorways and other open- 

 ings arranged in pairs one above the other. There were doorways 

 from each room into each adjoining room, except that the middle room 

 was entered only from the east. Some of the openings were not used 

 and were closed with blocks of solid masonry built into them long 

 prior to the final abandonment of the ruin. 



The middle room had three doorways, one above the other, all open- 

 ing eastward. The lowest doorway opened directly on the floor level, 

 and was 2 feet wide, with vertical sides. Its height could not be 

 determined, as the top was completely broken away and merged with 

 the opening above, but the bottom, which is also the floor level, is G 

 feet 9 inches below the level of the first roof beams. The doorway of 

 the second story is preserved only on the northern side. Its bottom, 

 still easily distinguishiible, is 1 foot inches above the bottom of the 

 floor beams. It was not over 2 feet wide and was about 4 feet high. 

 The upper doorway is still well preserved, except that the lintels are 

 gone. It is about three inches narrower at the top than at the bottom 

 and about 4 feet high. 



In addition to its three doorways, all in the eastern wall, the middle 

 tier of rooms was well provided with niches and holes in the walls, 

 some ot them doubtless utilized as outlooks. On the left of the ujiper 

 doorway are two holes, a foot apart, about 4 inches in diameter, and 

 smoothly finished. Almost directly above these some 3 feet, and 

 about 2 feet higher than the top of the door, there are two similar 

 lioles. Near the southern end of the room in the same wall there is 

 another round opening a trifle larger and about 4A feet above the floor 

 level. In the western wall there are two similar openings, and there is 

 one each in the northern and southern walls. All these openings are 

 circular, of small diameter, and are in the ui)per or third story, as shown 

 on the elevations herewith, figure 330. The frequency of openings in 

 the upper or third story and their absence on lower levels, except the 

 specially arranged openings described later, supports the hypothesis 

 that none of the rooms except the middle one were ever more than two 



