326 ZUNI CREATION MYTHS. [eth.ann.is 



It thus happened that, although one or another of the Zuui sub- 

 tribes was at different times i)artiaLly and temporarily conquered by 

 the Spaniards, they were never as a whole people subdued; and, 

 although missions and chapels were ultimately established at one and 

 another of their towns by the Franciscan friars, they were never all of 

 them immediately under mission influence and surveillance at any one 

 time until a comparatively recent date. The evidences and tragic 

 consequences of this may be traced throughout the history of Spanish 

 intercourse, and as the measure of its effect in minimizing the influence 

 of Spanish thought and example on ZuDi culture and habits is of 

 great importance in determining to what extent the following sacred 

 myths may be regarded as purely aboriginal, a brief outline of this 

 history is regarded as desirable. 



OUTLINE OF SPANISH-ZUNI HISTORY. 



The first discovered of the Seven Cities of Cibola or Zuiiiland, called 

 by the Zunis themselves Shiwona, was by native account the most east- 

 erly of their towns, the K'yii'kime of tradition and the Caquima of 

 later Spanish record. According also to native tradition it was entered 

 by Estevanico, the negi-o spy of Fray Marcos de Niza, and the Black 

 Mexican of Zuiii story, in the spring of 1539. The negro was forthwith 

 killed by the inhabitants; but the friar, following him shortly after, 

 saw from the mesa heights to the southward one of the seven villages, 

 and, making good his escape, reported his discovery to the viceroy of 

 Mexico, Don Antonio de Mendoza. 



Only a year later the largest of the westerly towns, H^wik'uh 

 (Aquico) was stormed and its inhabitants partly subdued, partly driven 

 away to the great tribal stronghold. Thunder mountain, by that val- 

 iant knight, Don Francisco Vasquez de Coronado, and .his vanguard 

 of hardy mail-clad soldiers. The little army occupied as headquarters, 

 for several mouths, the town they had captured, and later the more 

 numerous rear of the army were quartered at the more central and 

 eastern town of MAtsaki (Muzaque). During this time Coronado and 

 his comrades in arms were able to reassure and pacify the natives, 

 insomuch that when, two years afterward, they were returning through 

 Zuniland en route to Mexico from the conquests of the farther Pueblos 

 and their vain search for the golden province of Quivira, they were 

 entreated to remain and join the tribes. But Fray Juan de Padilla, 

 the heroic priest of the expedition, had found more fertile fields to the 

 eastward, and only three or four Mexican Indian allies of the Spaniards 

 were fain to stay. 



When, in 1581-'82, Francisco Chanuiscado and his 9 soldiers reck- 

 lessly penetrated those vast and lonely wilds of the southwest (in 

 1888 I sketched his graven signature and those of many of his succes- 

 sors ou EI Moro, or the Rock Mesa of Inscriptions, 35 miles east of 



