cusHiNG] EFFECT OF SPANISH INTERCOURSE. 341 



of stone and bone for the purpose but using even the iron tools of the 

 Spaniard mostly in stone-age fashion.' 



This applies equallj' to their handling of the hoes, hatchets, and 

 knives of civilized man. They use their hoes — the heaviest they can 

 get— as if weighted, like the wooden and bone hoes of anticpiity, ver- 

 tically, not horizontally. They use their hatchets or axes and knives 

 more for hacking and scraping and chipping than for chopping, hewing, 

 and whittling, and in such operations they prefer working toward them- 

 selves to working from themselves, as we work. Finally, their garments 

 of calico and muslin are new only in material. They are cut after the 

 old fashion of the ancestral buckskin breeches and shirts, poncho coats 

 of feathers and fur or fiber, ami down or cotton breech clouts, while in 

 the silver rings and bracelets of today, not only the shapes but even 

 the half-natural markings of the original shell rings and bracelets sur- 

 vive, and the silver buttons and bosses but perpetuate and multiply 

 those once made of copper as well as of shell and white bone. 



Thus, only one absolutely new practical element and activity was 

 iutroducedby the Spaniards — beasts of burden and beast transporta- 

 tion and labor. But until the present century cattle were not used 

 natively for drawing loads or plows, the latter of which, until recently 

 being made of a convenient fork, are only enlarged harrowing-sticks 

 pointed with a leaf of iron in place of the blade of Hint; nor were carts 

 employed. Burdens were transported in panniers adapted to the backs 

 of burros instead of to the shoulders of men. 



The Zuni is a splendid rider, but even now his longest journeys are 

 made on foot in the old way. He has for centuries lived a settled 

 life, traveling but little, and the horse has therefore Jiot played a very 

 conspicuous part in his later life as in the lives of less sedentary peo- 

 ples, and is consequently unheard of, as are all new things — including 

 the greatest of all, the white man himself — in liis tribal lore, or the 

 folk tales, myths, and rituals of his sacred cult-societies. All this 

 strengthens materially the claim heretofore made, that in mind, and 

 especiallj^ in religious culture, the Zufn is almost as strictly archaic as 

 in the days ere his laud was discovered. 



OUTLINE OF PRISTINE ZUNI HISTORY. 



If a historic sketch of Spanish intercourse with the Zuni people indi- 

 cates that little change was wrought on their native mood by so many 

 years of alien contact, an outline of their pristine history, or a sketch of 

 their growth and formation as a people, will serve yet further to show 

 not only how, but also why, this was so, as well as to explain much in 

 the following outlines of their myths of creation and migration, the 

 meaning of which would otherwise remain obscure. 



'Some of the primitive Zuni methods of working metiils .ire incidentally descrilied 

 in my paper entitled " Primitive Copper-working, an Experimental Study," iu The 

 American Anthropologist, Washington, January, 1894, pp. 193-217. 



