CDsHiNOJ CLIFF DWELLINGS AND ROUND HOUSES. 347 



Finally, there were no doorways in the lower stories of the rounded 

 villages, the roofs of which were reached by ladders: but in the upper 

 stories there were passages, some of which, although here no longer so 

 needfully small, were still economically fashioned as of old — wide at 

 the top, narrow at the base, like the T-shape granary avenues of the 

 cliff ruins. 



The closeness of correspondence of all these features in the round 

 ruins to those in the cliff ruins (features which in the round ruins appear 

 less in place than in at least the older cliff ruins) would seem to justify 

 my conclusio;i, earlier stated, that the round towns were simply out- 

 growths of the clitt' villages, transplanted, as it were, into the plains; 

 for all of these features, as they occur in the old cliff ruins, can, with 

 but a single exception (that of the circular form of the kivas or assem- 

 bly chambers, which, as will presently be shown, were survivals of a yet 

 older jihase of building), be accounted for as having originated from 

 necessity, whereas in the round ruins they could not have originated 

 even as possible expedients, since they were unsuitable save by having 

 become customary through long usage. 



I have reasserted this fact because the theory that all cliff dwellings 

 were but outlying places of refuge or the hunting and farming stations 

 of larger pueblos in their neighborhood, strongly fortified by position 

 in order that the small parties occupying them now and then for longer 

 or shorter seasons might Hud safe retreat in them, has been advanced 

 quite successfully. As this theory is not unlikely to gain a consider- 

 able hearing, it is necessary to demonstrate even more fully the fixct 

 that at least the round towns did not give their structural character- 

 istics to such of the Jiorthern cliff ruins as resembled them in plan, and 

 that therefore the latter are to be regarded as actual cliff-dweller 

 remains. In the southern portions of -New Mexico and Arizona, as on 

 the upper Salado and in canyons of the >Sierra Matire, still farther south, 

 all the cliff dwellings and villages were built without reference to tlie 

 curved forms pf the caverns in which they occurred.' That is, they 

 rigidly retained the rectangular pueblo form of arrangement charac- 

 teristic of the larger ruins in the valleys and plains around them. 

 Hence for this and for other reasons they may be regarded as pueblos 

 transferred to the cliffs, such outposts of the larger pueblos of the 

 pliiius as it is claiined all cliff' dwellings were. So, also, as hitherto 

 iutinuited, many of the later cliff' dwellings, even of the north, have 

 rectangular pueblo additious below them in the canyons or above 

 them on the mes;is, and some of the village ruins in the cave shelters 

 themselves are almost faithful miniature reproductions in general plan 

 of the large pueblos of the plains near at hand; but in the one case 

 the pueblo additions above and below were comiiaratively modern, and 

 indicate either that the cliff dwellings they are adjacent to continued 



•See Bandelicr, Final Rei>ort of luvestigatious amoug the Indians of the South- 

 western United States, etc., Part ii, pji. 425-428. 



