348 ZUNI CREATION MYTHS. [eth. ann. 13 



to be occupied down to the time of later true pueblo building, or tliat 

 they were reoccupied from comparatively mod ru pueblos and that all 

 additions made were constructed according to customary later forms 

 of building. In the other case, that of the rectangular structures in 

 semicircular cave shelters, either a return to cliff dwelling from pueblo 

 dwelling is indicated, or, as with the southern clift' villages, these also 

 were outposts of comparatively modern kinds of pueblos occurring in 

 the neighborhood. Such, for example, was the case with many of the 

 cliff dwellings of the Tsegi or Canyon de Chelly, some of which con- 

 tinued to be occupied long after the more easterly towns of the San 

 Juan were abandoned, and others of which were reoccupied, probably 

 by Tusayan Indians, in comparatively recent time. 



The occurrence of sepulcliers in or near almost all the San Juan cliff 

 rains woidd alone indicate that they were central and permanent homes 

 of tlie people who built and occupied them. The surviving Pueblo 

 Indians, so far as I am aware, never bury in or near their outlying 

 towns. Invariably the dead are taken to the central pueblo home of 

 the tribe for sepulture, as there only may they become tribal fetiches 

 in the manner I have heretofore indicated, and be properly renounced 

 by the clans of kin at their ])lace of birth and rearing. If, then, all 

 the cliff towns were merely outlying strongholds, no interments of the 

 original inhabitants would be found in them save those of children per- 

 chance born and reared in them. In fact, this is precisely the case with 

 some, of the towns in question, those above described as manifestly 

 settlements from later true pueblos. 



Another feature of the older clitt' dwellings. is still more significant in 

 this connection — the presence of the kiva; for the kiva or sacred assem. 

 bly room was never, for mythic and sociologic reasons, built in tempo- 

 rary or outlying settlements. The mere council chamber was sometimes 

 present in these, but the true kiva never, so long as they remained resorts 

 of more central pueblo towns, for each kiva of such a town located 

 a division of the tribe as pertaining to one or another of the quarters 

 or mythic divisions. Hence, as might be expected, in the more south- 

 erly cliff dwellings belonging to more recent pueblos no kiva is ever 

 found. 



The evidence furnished by the kivas is significant in other ways, for 

 in connection with the above theory the claim has also been advanced 

 that the cliff villages were occu[)ied for only brief periods at best; 

 that they do not, as assumed by me, represent a phase — so much as an 

 incident^in the development of a people. Aside Irom the linguistic, 

 sociologic, and other evidence I have to offer later on that of not only 

 these kivas, but also of certain other features of the ruins themselves, 

 is decidedly indicative of both long and continuous occupancy; and an 

 examination of this evidence helps to an understanding of the culture 

 growth of the early cliff dwellers as being not that of Pueblos at first, 

 but that of Pueblo ancestry. Pueblos developing. 



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