350 ZUNI CREATION MYTHS. [eth.ann. 13 



places. To adequately protect their store oi provision from seed- 

 devouriiij;' animals, no less tiiau from the elements, it became necessary 

 to place it in dry crannies or pockets of the cliffs near at hand, [ire- 

 ferably in recesses as far back in their caves as possible, and also to 

 seal it up in these natural receiitacles. At first (as may be seen in 

 connection with the caves of Las Tusas, Arizona, containing some of 

 the oldest and rudest separate hut remains I have yet examined) the 

 mouths of these receptacles were walled up with dry-laid stones, care- 

 fully chinked, and plastered inside with mud, precisely as were the 

 granary pockets of the Havasupai Indians seen bj^ me in 1881. Later, 

 while still the houses continued to be mere low-walled and partitioned 

 sheds or huts of dry masonry, these granaries came to be quite well 

 constructed, of mud-laid walls, and were enlarged, as stores increased 

 with increase of settlement and tillage, until they had to be built out- 

 ward from the niches like good sized, slightly tapering bins, protruding 

 somewhat from the cave walls, and finally forming, as do the gi-anaries 

 of the Tarahumari today, miniature prototji)es of the perfected single 

 cliff house of a far later day. 



In times of great danger small children were not infrequently 

 bestowed for sate-keeping in the larger of these little granary rooms in 

 the deepest recesses at the rear of the earliest cave villages, as the 

 finding of their remains without burial token in such situation has 

 attested; and thus the folk tales which modern Pueblos tell of chil- 

 dren left in the granary rooms and surviving the destruction or flight of 

 their ciders by subsisting on the scant store remaining therein (later to 

 emerge — so the stories run — as great warrior-magicians and deliver their 

 captive elders), are not wholly without foundation in the actual past of 

 their ancestry. It was thus that these first (-litf dwellers learned to build 

 walls of stone with mud mortar, and thus, as their numbers increased 

 (through immunity from destruction which, ever better, these clift'holds 

 afforded), the women, who from the beginning had built and owned the 

 granaries, learned also to build contiguously to them, in the depths of 

 the caverns, other granary-like cells somewhat larger, not as places of 

 abode, at first, but as retreats for themselves and their children. 



It is not needful to trace further the development of the cliff village 

 proper into a home for the women and children, which first led to the 

 tucking of storerooms far back in the midst of the houses; nor is it 

 necessary to seek outside of such simple beginnings the causes which 

 first led to the construction of the kivas, always by the men for them- 

 selves, and nearly always out in front of the house cells, which led to the 

 retention for ages of the circular form in these kivas and to the survival 

 in them for a longtime (as chambers of council and mystery, where the 

 souls of the ancients of men communed in these houses of old with the 

 souls of their children's grandchildren) of the cross-laid upper courses of 

 logs and even the roofings of thatch. Indeed, it is only in some way like 

 this, as survival through slowevolution of archaic structures forworship, 



