cusHiNol PUEBLOS AS CLIFF DWELLERS. 351 



that tlie persistence of all these strange features — the retention for use of 

 the men, the position in front of the Louses, the converging hexagonal 

 log wall caps, the unplastered roofing of thatch — until long after the 

 building of houses for everyday use by the women, "with walls contin- 

 uous from floor to ceiling, with Hat and mud-plastered roofs and smooth 

 finishing inside and out, manifest themselves. 



Of equal significance with this persistency of survival in the kiva, as 

 to both structural type and i'unction, of the earliest cave-dwelling hut- 

 rooms through successively higher stages in the development of cliff 

 architecture, is the trace of its growth ever outward; for in nearly or 

 quite all of the largest cliff ruins, while as a rule the kivas occur, as 

 stated, along the fronts of the houses — that is, farthest out toward the 

 mouths of the caverns — some are found quite far back in the undst of 

 the houses. But in every instance of this kind which I have examined 

 these kivas farthest back within the cell cluster ijroper are not only the 

 oldest, but iu other ways plainly mark the line of the original boundary 

 or frontage of the entire village. And iu some of the largest of these 

 ruins this frontage line has tluis been extended; that is, the houses 

 have grown outward around and past the kivas first built in front of 

 them, and then, to accommodate increased assemblies, successively 

 built in front of them and iu greater numbers, not once or twice, but 

 in some cases as many as three, four, and in one instance five times. 



All this makes it plain, 1 think, that the cave and cliff dweller mode 

 of life was a phase, not an incident merely, in the development of a 

 people, and that this same people in general occupied tliese same caves 

 continuously or successively for generations — bow long it is needless 

 here to ask, but long enough to work up adaptively, and hence by 

 very slow degrees, each one of the little natural liiiits they received 

 from the circumstances and necessities of their situation in the caves 

 and cliff's into structural and other contrivances, so ingenious and suit- 

 able and so far-fetched, apparently, so long used, too, as to give rise 

 to permanent usages, customs, and sociologic institutions, that it has 

 been well-nigh impossible to trace them to such original simple begin- 

 nings as have been pointed out iu the case of a few of them. 



The art remains of both the earliest cave dwellers and of the cliff 

 dwellers exhibit a like continuity of adaptive development; for even 

 where uses of implements, etc., changed witli changing conditions, they 

 still show survivals of their original, diverse uses, thus revealing the 

 antecedent condition to which they were adapted. 



Moreover, this line of develoi)meut was, as with the structural fea- 

 tures already reviewed, unbroken from first to last — from cave to 

 cliff", and from cliff to round town conditions of life; for the art 

 remains of the round ruins, of whicli I recovered large numbers when 

 conducting the excavations of tlie Hemenway expedition iu ruins east 

 of ZuFii, are with scarcely an exception identical, in tyi)e at least, with 

 those of the cliff ruins, although they are more highly developed, espe- 



