cosHiNG] EARLY ZUNIAN ARCHITECTURE. 357 



The couditions of life aud peculiarities of building, etc., iu the caves 

 and cliffs, theu iu the round towns, have been commented on at some 

 length iu previous i)Uges, and sufficiently described to render intelligi- 

 ble a presentation of this linguistic aud additional evidence iu regard 

 to derivation from that direction; but it remains for me to sketch, as 

 well as I can in brief, the more significant of such characteristics of 

 the primitive Yuman house aud village life as seem to bear on the 

 additional linguistic and other evidence of derivation also fi-om the 

 opposite or Eio Colorado direction, for both clews should be presented 

 side by side, if only for the sake of contrast. 



These ancient people of the Colorado region, Yuman or other, had, 

 as their remains show (not in their earliest period, nor yet in a later 

 stage of their development, when a diverging branch of them — "Our 

 lost others'" — had attained to a high state of culture in southern 

 Arizona and northern Mexico, but at the time of their migration iu 

 part Zuniward), houses of quite a different type from those of the 

 north. They were mainly rancherias, that is, more or less scat- 

 tered over the mesas and plains. They were but rarely rouud, com- 

 monly parallelogrammic, and either single or connected in straight 

 L -shape or double L -shape rows. The fouudatious were of rough 

 stones, designed iirobably to hold more firmly in place the cane- 

 wattled, mud-plastered stockades which formed the sides and ends as 

 ■well as (in the house rows) the partitions. They owed their rectangular 

 shapes not to crowding, but to development from an original logbuilt 

 house type — in the open (like the rancheria house type of the .Tara- 

 humari), to which may also be traced their generally greater length 

 than width. They were siugle storied, with rather flat or slightly 

 sloping roofs, although the high pitched roof of thatch was not wholly 

 unknown, for it was still employed on elevated granaries; bixt some- 

 times (this was especially the case with siugle houses) the stockade 

 posts were carried up above this roof on three sides, aud overlaid with 

 saplings on which, iu turn, a bower of brush or cane or grass was con- 

 structed to protect from the sun rather than from rain. Thus a sort of 

 rude and partial second story was formed, which was reached from 

 below by means of a notched step-log made of a forked or branching 

 tree-trunk, the forks being jjlaced against the edge of the roof proper 

 to keep the log (the butt of which rested on the ground) from turning 

 when being ascended.- 



Of these siugle houses the "bowers" described in the following myth 

 of the creation of corn (see page 391), and tyiiically surviving still 

 to a great extent in the corutield or farm huts of moderu Zuni, may 

 be taken as fair examples; and of the villages or hut-row structures 

 of these ancient plains and valley people, an excellent example may 



' See Images 403, 405-406. 



'See Mindeleli', Aicliitecture of Tusayau and Cibola, EigUtli Ann. Rep. Bur. Eth- 

 nology, p. 157. 



