360 ZUNI CREATION MYTHS. [eth.ann. 13 



be attributed to the mud-plastered corral or adobe sides or inclosures 

 of such raueherias as I have already described." 



Again, the names iu Zuui, first, for a room of a single-story structure, 

 and, secoud, for au inner room on the ground floor of such or of a 

 terraced structure, are (1) telitona, 'Moom or space equally inclosed," 

 that is, by four equal or nearly equal walls; aud (2) teluline, "room 

 or space within (other rooms or) an inclosure. Both of these terms, 

 although descriptive, may, from their specific use, be attributed to 

 single-story rancheria origin, I think, for in the cliff villages there was 

 no ground-floor room. The name for a lowermost room iu the cliff 

 villages still seemingly survives in the Zuni name for a cellar, which 

 is iqxiline, from «, rock, and pdloiye, buried iu or excavated within; 

 while the cliff name for au tipper room or top-story room, oshtenu- 

 ^hlane, from oshten, a cave-shelter or cave roof, and liMdane, inclosed 

 by, or built within the hollow or embrace of, also still survives. Yet 



'In my "Study of Pueblo Pottery,"' etc. (Fourth Annual Report of the Bureau 

 of Ethnology, 1882-83), I have said that "The archaic name for a building or 

 walled structure is lie'shota, a contraction of the now obsolete term heshotapoiie; 

 from lu'sho, gum, or resin-like; shdtaie, leaned or placed together convergingly; 

 tdpoane, a roof (covering) of wood, or a roof (covering) supported by wood." 



I ngret to say that the etymology of this word as thus rendered was not quite cor- 

 rect, aud therefore its meaning as interpreted in the passage which immediately fol- 

 lowed was also mistaken. It is quite true that liesho signifies gum or resin, etc. 

 (referring, as I then supposed, to dhesho, or gum rock, a name for lava; used cou- 

 structivelj' iu the oldest round huts of the basaltic regions) ; but the root he enters 

 into many olher compounds, such as not only wax, gum, pitch, metal (as being rock- 

 pitch, that is, melted from rocks), etc., but also mud, clay-paste, mud-mortar, and 

 tinally adobe, as being dried mud mortar ; hence walls made either with or of ado1>e, 

 etc. Had I been, at the time of this first writing, as familiar with the language us I 

 now am 1 should not have connected as a single root lie aud slio, making lu'sho (gum 

 or pitch) of it. For, as elsewhere stated in the same essay, shuice signifies canes, 

 {slioole, a cane or reed), aud it now ajjpears that the syllable thus derived formed a 

 root by itself. But I had not then learned that the greater number of the ruins of 

 southern Arizona, especially of the plains, consisted of gabion-like walls, that is, 

 of walls made by packing stiff earth or rubble mortar or cement between double or 

 parallel cane-wattled stockades, aud then heavily plastering this exterior or casing 

 (as was the case in the main walls of the celebrated C'asa Grande aud the temple 

 mound of Los Muertos) ; or else, iu less massive ruins of lesser walls the cores or 

 supiiorts of which consisted of close-set posts lathed with reeds or canes, the mud or 

 cement being built up either side of these cores, or, in case of the thinnest walls, 

 such as partitions, merely plastered to I'ithcr face. 



I can not doubt that even the grandest and most highly developed of these ruins — 

 the C'asas Grandes themselves, which look today as if constructed wholly of massive 

 . masonry — no less than the simplest plastered stockade walls, were developed from 

 such begiunings as the mere mud-plastered cane and stockade screens of the ancient 

 rancheria builders. Thus, I am constrained to render the primary meaning of 

 heshutapoane as approximately " mud-plastered cane and stick structure ;" from lieliwe, 

 mud mortar; s7/o'»re, canes or reeds; (dine, wood, or iaiowe, wood-posts ; 2>o'o, to place 

 (leaningly or closely) over against ; and ?ie, (any) thing made. From this, the generic 

 term hvsliota,{oT walled structure (especially ruined wall-structures), would very 

 naturally have been derived, and this might or might not have given rise to the use of 

 the prefix he, as occurring in all names for miirlor-hiid walls. 



i 



