cisHiNo] ARCHITECTURAL DEVELOPMENT. 3G3 



rial the greatest amount of iuconvenieuce be encouutereil. There is, 

 iudeed, but one influeuce poteut enough to effect change from one estab- 

 lished form to another, and that is acculturation; and even this works 

 but slowly and only after long and familiar intercourse or after actual 

 commingling of one peoi)le with a diversely developed people has 

 taught them the safety and efficiency of unfamiliar forms in uses fa- 

 miliarly associated with their own accustomed but different forms. 

 Sooner or later such acculturation invariably effects radical change in 

 the forms of things used by one or the other of the peoples thus (!om- 

 mingling, or by both ; though in the latter case the change is usually 

 unequal. In the case here under consideration there is to be found 

 throughout the uearer Zuni country ruins of the actual transitional type 

 of pueblo thus formed by the union of the two ancestral branches of 

 the Zunis, the round town with its cliff-like outer wall merging into 

 the square, terraced town with its broken and angular or straight outer 

 walls ; and in these composite towns earliest appears, too, the house wall 

 built into (not merely against) the outer walls of the curved portions 

 no less than into the outer walls of the squared or straight portions. 



The composite round and square pueblo ruin is uot, however, con- 

 fined to this trausitional type or to its comparatively restricted area 

 wherever occurring, but is found here and there as far northward, for 

 instance, as the neighborhood of older cliff' ruins. But in such cases it 

 seems to have been developed, as heretofore hinted, in the compara- 

 tively recent rebuilding of old rounded towns by square-house builders. 

 Quite in correspondence with :ill this is the history of the development, 

 from the round form into the S(iuare, of the kivas of the later Zuni 

 towns ; that is, like the towns themselves, the round kivas of the earlier 

 round towns became, first in part and then nearly squared in the com- 

 posite round and square towns, and finally altogether squared in the 

 square towns. This was brought about by a twofold cause. When the 

 cliff' dwellers became inhabitants of the plains, uot only their towns, 

 but also the kivas were enlarged. To such an extent, indeed, were the 

 latter enlarged that it became difhcult to roof them over in the old fash- 

 ion of completing the upiier courses of the walls with cross-laid logs, and 

 of roofing the narrowed apex of this coping with combined rafter and 

 stick structures; hence in many cases, although the round kiva was 

 rigidly adhered to, it was not unfrequently inclosed within a square wall 

 in order that, as had come to be the case in the ordinary living rooms, 

 rafters parallel to one another and of equal length might be thrown 

 across the top, thus making a flat roof essentially like the flat terrace 

 roofs of the ordinary house structure. 



It is not improbable that the first suggestion of inclosing the round 

 kiva in a square- walled structure and of covering the latter with a flat 

 roof arose quite naturally long before the cliff' dwellers descended into 

 the plains. It has been seen that frequently, in the larger and longest 

 occupied cliff'-towns, the straight-walled houses grew outward wholly 



