3G4 ZUNI CREATION MYTHS. [eth. axx. 13 



around the kivas; and when this occurred the round kiva was thus 

 not only surrounded by a square inclosure — tbrined by the walls of the 

 nearest houses, — but also it became necessary to tover this inclosing 

 space with a fiat roof, in order to render continuous the house terrace 

 in which it was constructed. Still, the practice never became general 

 or intentional in the earlier cliff- towns; probably, indeed, it became so 

 in the now ruined round towns only by slow degrees. Yet it needed 

 after this (in a measure) makeshift beginning only such influence of 

 continued intercourse between the square-house building people and 

 these round-town building people to lead finally to the practical aban- 

 donment by the latter of the inner round structure surviving from their 

 old-fashioned kivas, and to make them, like the modern Zuni kiva, 

 square rather than round. 



An evidence that this was virtually the history of the change from 

 the round kiva building to the square kiva building, and that this 

 change was wrought thus gradually as though by long-continued inter- 

 course, is found in the fact that to this day all the ceremonials per- 

 formed in the great square kivas of Zufii would be more approiH'iate in 

 round structures. For example, processions of the jierformers in the 

 midwinter night ceremonials in these kivas, on descending the ladders, 

 proceed to their places around the sides of the kivas in circles, as 

 though lollowing a circular wall. The ceremonials of concerted invo- 

 cation in the cult societies when they meet in these kivas are also per- 

 formed in circles, and the singers for dances or other dramaturgic per- 

 fornumces, although arranged in one end or in the coi'ner of the kiva, 

 continue to form themselves in perfect circles; the drum in the middle, 

 the singers sitting around and facing it as though gathered within a 

 smaller circular room inclosed in the square room. Thus it may be 

 inferred, first, from the fact that in the structural details of the s('uttles 

 or hatchways by which these modern kivas are entered the cross- 

 logged structure of the inner roof of the earliest cliff kivas survive, and 

 from the additional fact above stated that the ceremonials of these 

 kivas are circular in form, that the s(iuare kiva is a lineal descendant of 

 the round one; and second, that even after the round kiva was inclosed 

 in the square room, so to say, in oixler that its roof might be made as 

 were the roofs of the women's houses, or continuous therewith, it long 

 retained the round kiva within, and hence the ceremonials necessarily 

 performed circularly within this round inner structure became so asso- 

 ciated with the outer structure as well, that after the abandonment 

 entirely, through the influences I have above suggested, of these round 

 inner structures, they continued thus to be performed. 



As ftirther evidence of the continuity of this development from the 

 earliest to the latest forms, certain painted marks on the walls of the 

 cliff' kivas tell not only of their derivation in turn from a yet earlier 

 form, but also and again of the derivation from them of the latest forms. 

 In the ancient ruins of the scattered round houses, which, it is pre- 



