cLsuiNQ] EVIDENCE OF ZUNI DUAL OKIGIN. 3()5 



suinecl, mark the sites of buildiugs belougiug to the eai-liei' cliff ancestry 

 folk on the northern desert borders, there are discovered the remains 

 of certain unusually large huts, the walls of which appear to have been 

 strengthened at four equidistant points by firmly planted upright logs. 

 It is pi'obable that, alike in this distribution and in the number of these 

 logs, they corresponded almost strictly to the poles of, first, the medicine 

 tent, and, second, the medicine eartli lodge. When, in a later period of 

 their development, these builders of the round huts in the north came 

 to be, as has heretofore been described, dwellers in the kivas of the 

 caves, their larger, presumably ceremonial structures, while reared with- 

 out the strengthening x)osts referred to, nevertheless contained, as 

 appropriate parts, the marks of them ou the walls corresponding there- 

 to. At auy rate, in the still later kivas of the cliffs three parallel marks, 

 extending from the tops of the walls to the tloors, are found painted ou 

 the four sides of the kivas. Finally, in the modern scjuare kiva of 

 Zuiii there are still placed, (leremouially, once every fourth year, on 

 the four sides of the lintels or hatchways, three parallel marks, and 

 these marks are called by the Zuni in their rituals the holders-up of the 

 doorways and roofs. Many additional points in connect'on not only 

 with the structural details of, but also in the ceremonials performed 

 within, these modern kivas, nmy be found, survivals all pointing, as do 

 those above mentioned, to the unbroken develo]mient of the kiva, from 

 the earth medicine lodge to the finished square structure of the modern 

 Zuni and Tusayan Indians. 



It likewise has been seen that through very natural causes a strict 

 division between the dwellings of the women and children and of the 

 adult male population of the cliff villages grew up. From the relatively 

 great numbers of the kivas found in the courts of the round towns, it 

 may be inferred that this division was still kept up after the cliff' 

 dwellers became inhabitants of the plains and builders of such round 

 towns; for when first the Spaniards encountered the Zuiii dwellers 

 in the Seven Cities of Cibola they found that, at least ceremonially, 

 this division of the men's quarters from those of the women was still 

 persisted in, but there is evidence that even thus early it was not so 

 strictly held to on other occasions. Then, as now, the men became per- 

 manent guests, at least, in the houses of their wives, and it is prob" 

 able that the cause which broke down this previous strict division of 

 the sexes was the union of the western or rancheria building branch of 

 the Zuni ancestry with the cliff' and round-town building branch. 



In nothing is the dual origin of the Zunis so strongly suggested as in 

 the twofold nature of their burial customs at the time when first they 

 were encountered by the Spaniards; for according to some of the early 

 writers they cremated the dead with all of their belongings, yet accord- 

 ing to others they buried them in the courts, houses, or near the walls 

 of their villages. It has already been stated that the cliff' dwellers 

 buried their dead in the houses and to the rear of their cavern villages, 



