cDSHiNG] SYMBOLISM OF CLAN NAMES. 369 



considered as, mythically at least, their breath-children, are theretore 

 grouped together and related to the north and winter as are tlieir 

 totems. And as the bear, whose coat is grizzly like the evening twilight 

 or black like the darkness of night, and the gray coyote, who prowls 

 amidst the sagebrush at evening and goes forth and cries in the night- 

 time, and the spring herb or the red-top plant, which blooms earliest 

 of all flowers in spring when first the moisture-laden winds from the 

 west begin to blow — these and the people named after them are as 

 appropriately grouped in the west. The badger, who digs Lis hole on 

 the sunny sides of hills and in winter appears only when the sun shines 

 warm above them, wiio excavates among the roots of the juniper and 

 the cedar from which fire is kindled with the lire drill ; the wild tobacco, 

 which grows only where fires have burned, and the corn which anciently 

 came from the south and is still supposed to get its birth fi'om the 

 southland, and its warmth — these are grouped in the south. The tm-- 

 key, which wakes with the dawn and helj)S to awaken the dawn by his 

 cries; the antelope and the deer, who traverse far mesas and valleys in 

 the twilight of the dawn — these and their children are therefore grouped 

 in the east. And it is not difticult to understand why the sun, the sky 

 (or turkis), and the eagle appertain to the upper world; uor why the 

 toad, the water, and the rattlesnake appertain to the lower world. 



By this arrangement of the world into great quarters, or rather as 

 the Zunis conceive it, into several worlds corresponding to the four 

 quarters and the zenith and the nadir, and by this grouping of the 

 towns, or later of the wards (so to call them) in the town, according to 

 such mythical division of the world, and finally the grouping of the 

 totems in turn within the divisions thus made, not only the ceremonial 

 life of the people, but all their governmental arrangements as well, are 

 completely systemized. Something akin to written statutes results 

 from this and similar related arrangements, for each region is given its 

 appropriate color and number, according to its relation to one of the 

 regions I have named or to others of those regions. Thus the north is 

 designated as yellow with the Zunis, because the light at morning and 

 evening in winter time is yellow, as also is the auroral light. The west 

 is known as the blue world, not only because of the blue or gray twi- 

 light at evening, but also because westward from Zuniland lies the 

 blue Pacific. The south is designated as red, it being the region of 

 summer and of fire, which is red; and for an obvious reason the east 

 is designated white (like dawn light) ; while the uiiper region is many- 

 colored, like the sunlight on the clouds, and the lower region black, 

 like the caves and deep springs of the world. Finally, the midmost, 

 so often mentioned in the following outline, is colored of all these 

 colors, because, being representative of this (which is the central world 

 and of which in turn Zuiii is the very middle or navel), it contains all 

 the other quarters or regions, or is at least divisible into them. 

 Again, each region — at least each of the four ciu-dinal regions, namely, 

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