372 ZUNI CREATION MYTHS. [eth.ann.13 



bestowed in childliood as the "verity names" or titles of the children to 

 whom given. But this body of names relating to any one totem — for 

 instance, to one of the beast totems — will not be the name of the totem 

 beast itself, but will be names both of the totem in its various con- 

 ditions and of various iiarts of the totem, or of its functions, or of its 

 attributes, actual or mythical. Now these parts or functions, or attri- 

 butes of the parts or functions, are subdivided also in a six-fold manner, 

 so that the name relating to one member of the totem — for examjile, like 

 the right arm or leg of the animal thereof — would correspond to the 

 north, and would be the first in honor in a clan (not itself of the northern 

 group) ; then the name relating to another member — say to the left leg 

 or arm and its powers, etc. — would pertain to the west and would be sec- 

 ond in honor ; and another member — say the right foot — to the south and 

 would be third in honor; and of another member — say the left foot — 

 to the east and would be fourth in honor; to another — say the head — 

 to the upper regions and would be fifth in honor; and another — say the 

 tail — to the lower region and would be sixth in honor; while the heart 

 or the navel and center of the being would be first as well a.s last in 

 honor. The studies of Major Powell among the Maskoki and other 

 tribes have made it very clear that kinship terms, so called, among other 

 Indian tribes (and the rule will apply no less or perhaps even more 

 strictly to the Zuiiis) are rather devices for determining relative rank or 

 authority as signified by relative age, as elder or younger of the per- 

 son addressed or spoken of by the term of relationship. So that it is 

 quite impossible for a Zuni speaking to another to say simply brother; 

 it is always necessary to say elder brother or younger brother, by 

 which the speaker himself aflSrms his relative age or rank; also it is 

 customary for one clansman to address another clansman by the same 

 kinship name of brother-elder or brother-younger, uncle or nephew, 

 etc.; but according as the clan of the one addressed ranks higher or 

 lower than the clan of the one using the term of address, the word- 

 symbol for elder or younger relationship uuist be used. 



With such a system of arrangement as all this may be seen to be, with 

 such a facile device for symbolizing the arrangement (not only according 

 to number of the regions and their subdivisions in their relative succes- 

 sion and the succession of their elements and seasons, but also in colors 

 attributed to them, etc.), and, finally, with such an arrangement of names 

 correspondingly classified and of terms of relationship significant of 

 rank rather than of consanguinal connection, mistake in the order of 

 a ceremonial, a procession or a council is simply impossible, and the 

 people employing such devices may be said to have written and to be 

 writing their statutes and laws in all their daily relationships and utter- 

 ances. Finally, with much to add, I must be content with simply 

 stating that the high degree of systemization which has been attained 

 by the Zunis in thus grouping their clans severally and serially about 

 a midmost group, we may see the influence of the coming together of 



