ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT 



associates — methods which have for their normal oljjects 

 peace, equity, equality, liberty, and charity among the 

 associates. The means of attaining these ends in primi- 

 tive society have been ascertained almost wholly through 

 the researches in American ethnology; they have been 

 indicated in a brief outline of regimentation appended to 

 an earlier report. The fourth branch of sociology may 

 be noted as histories ; it deals with the methods adopted 

 for the maintenance and perpetuation of social organiza- . 

 tion. Coordinate with these branches is the science of 

 ethics, which deals with the ideal bases and the practical 

 objects of associate organization. The ethics of primi- 

 tive life have been ascertained almost wholly through 

 observation among the aborigines of America. The 

 ethical relations existing among the tribesmen have been 

 a revelation to students, and no line of ethnologic inquiry 

 has yielded richer i-esults than that pertaining to this 

 subject. An outline of the definition of sociology Avas 

 printed for the use of students and for the benefit of 

 such suggestions as might be oifered l:)y other inquirers, 

 and the discussion was expanded and incorporated in the 

 last report. 



The primary purpose of the trip ])y Mr Hodge and his 

 companions was to ascertain and record the details of 

 social organization as now maintained among the pueblo 

 tribes. As indicated in various publications of the Bureau, 

 the aborigines of America belong in approximately equal 

 proportions to two of the culture -stages defined by social 

 organizations — (1) savagery, in which the institutions are 

 based on consanguinity reckoned in the female line, and 

 (2) barbarism, in which the institutions are founded on 

 consanguinity reckoned in the male line. In some cases 

 a transitional condition has been found, as, for example, 

 among the Muskwaki Indians, who give a patronymic to 

 the first-born child, but in case of its death in infancy 

 revert to the matronymie system; sometimes, again, the 

 basis of the organization is so well concealed as to be 

 obsciu-ed, as among the Kiowa Indians (noted in the last 



