FEWKEs] NUMBER OF KATCINAS 17 



there are others whose appearance depends on the inclination of the 

 owner of the masks or on other causes, on which account the personnel 

 of the actors in the festivals changes year by year without, however, 

 there being any fundamental modifications. 



The author has repeatedly been informed )>y the Hopis that the 

 number of katcinas is very great, much greater than the number 

 figured, especially if all those mentioned in traditions are included. 

 When we reflect upon the probable way these supernaturals have been 

 added to the Hopi Olympus, we may gain some idea of their possible 

 number, for each clan as it joined the Hopi population brought its own 

 gods, and, as the clans came from distant pueblos, where environmental 

 conditions difl'ered, each had a mythologic system in some respects 

 characteristic. Many Hopi clans have in course of time become extinct, 

 and with their disappearance their old masks have passed into the 

 keeping of kindred clans, to whom thej' are now known as "ancient," 

 being never used. The distinctive names of such have been lost, but in 

 some cases the mask still retains its symbols. Then there is a constant 

 increase in the numbers of katcinas; not only are the Hopis acquainted 

 with many katcinas that are no longei' personated, but they are also 

 continuall}- introducing new ones. Thus the katcinas called Chicken, 

 Cow, and many others which might be mentioned, have made their 

 appearance in the last decade. It is not difficult to see how this may 

 have been brought about. A man goes on a visit to Zuiii or some 

 Rio Grande pueblo and witne.s.ses a personation of a katcina which, on 

 returning to his own home, he introduces into the Hopi ritual. This 

 process of introduction has been going on for many years, so that we 

 have katcinas called Navaho, Kawaika (Keresan), Pima, Apache, and 

 others of foreign derivation. Thus not only have clans introduced 

 new katcinas from time to time, but individuals have done the same, 

 and in many instances this introduction has taken place so lately that 

 the name of the man who brought them is known, as he is still living 

 in the pueblo. 



Of the masked personations among the Hopis some, as Tunwup, 

 Ahiil, and Natacka, alwaj's appear in certain great ceremonies at stated 

 times of the year. Others are sporadic, having no direct relation to 

 any particular ceremony, and may be represented in any of the winter 

 or summer months. They give variety to the annual dances, but are 

 not regai'ded as essential to them, and merely to afford such variety 

 many are revived after long disuse. Each yenv many katcinas ma}^ be 

 added to any ceremony from the great amount of reserve material 

 with which the Hopis are familiar. Some have become extinct, and 

 knowledge of them remains onh' in the memorj' of old men, or now 

 and then one may be recalled to mind hj an ancient mask hanging in a 

 darkened room. Thus, it is seen that within certain limits a change 



•21 ETH— 03 2 



