FEWKEs] ANCIENT CLAN MASKS 109 



Both these beings are said to be of Zuui origin and the latter was 

 formerly personated by a man from Hano. The characteristic atti- 

 tude of Alo mana is also taken by the girls after the ceremonial corn 

 grinding elsewhere described. 



Ancient Clan Masks 



In the liack rooms and dark corners of most of the important clans 

 of the pueblos of the East mesa masks will Ijc found hanging to the 

 roof l)eams, the use of which has almost wholly been abandoned. The 

 distinctive names of these masks are difficult to obtain, and they are 

 generally known by such designations as Wiiwiikoti, ancient masks 

 or heads. The chiefs of the clans ordinarily claim them as their par- 

 ticular property, and other men of the pueblo who are familiar with 

 their existence usuallj' call them hy the names of the chiefs. 



Some of these old masks are brought forth from time to time, 

 renovated, and put to use; others are never worn, but are carcfulh' 

 preserved with reverence befitting their antiquity, for the majority 

 are reputed to be very ancient. 



It is probable that some of these masks, dingy with age and rarely 

 or never repainted, have come into the possession of the present own- 

 ers at the death of the last members of kindred clans. Others have 

 been passed down directly from chief to chief, still remaining in 

 keeping of the clan which brought them into the country, and ma^' 

 be regarded as among the more ancient of Hopi masks. Unfortu- 

 nately the knowledge of their characteristic symbols has in some 

 instances been lost. 



There are also individual masks which have not the special sanctitj- 

 that pertains to the above. These were introduced from other pueblos 

 by visitors or by those who had observed them elsewhere in their 

 trading or other trips. These are not regularly used each year, but 

 may be 1>rought out on special occasions for variety or other reasons. 

 They are associated with the man who introduced them, and often bear 

 his name. 



There is a general similarity in these old clan helmets, both in form 

 and in s\-mbolism, which would seem to refer them to a group by 

 themselves. Among the common features may be mentioned the 

 two horns, the radiating eagle feathers, red horsehair, and the mark- 

 ings on the face. Thus the clan mask of Kotka (Bear chief) is almost 

 identical with that of ^^'iki (Snake chief), and both resemble that of 

 Naka (Katcina chief). Evidently they are not totemic of the clan, or 

 at least their symbols are not characteristic of the clan, but their simi- 

 larity implies that they are symbolic of some common personations 

 for wliich they were once used. 



Of all th(! masks now employed in personations the author regards 

 the old clan masks as nearest in svmbolic designs to those of Calako, 



