110 HOP! KATCINAS [eth. ann. 21 



and it is possible that they were used in representing the same beings 

 for which Calako masks are still employed. The author believes that 

 the Calako giants are personations of sun gods and that the ancient 

 clan masks of the Hopi are survivals of those once used in sun per- 

 sonations b}' extinct or nearlj^ extinct clans. The former use of these 

 masks in sun worship and their anticjuity give them a particular 

 sanctitj'; the chiefs rarely use them, but preserve them with great 

 reverence. 



Objection might be made to this identilication, for these clan masks 

 have two horns, which are absent in Hopi sun masks, and the facial 

 markings are different. The author theoretically connects the horns 

 with those of the bison, and believes that the clans which once had 

 these forms of sun masks derived them from those tribes which prac- 

 ticed a Buffalo sun ceremony. 



OLD MASK (KATCINA CLAN) 

 ( Plate XLVII ) 



This ancient mask is called Naka's katcina from the name of the 

 chief in whose keeping it now is, and probably belonged to an old 

 Katcina clan. The picture represents a disk-formed head, painted 

 green, with goggle eyes. The upper half of the head is surrounded 

 by a plaited corn-husk border, with inserted eagle feathers forming a 

 crest, in which are red lines, indicating horsehair. On each side of 

 the head are represented horns, decorated with zigzag marks, which 

 are repeated on the forehead. 



The mask which is here figured is not now used, but hangs in a 

 back room of the house of the Katcina clan. It is said to have been 

 brought from Kicyuba, the ancient pueblo of this clan. Probably 

 the clan of which it was the sun mask is now extinct, and the mask 

 remains in the keeping of the chief of the clan nearest related to that 

 which once owned it. The sun mask of the Katcina clan, called 

 Ahiil or Old Man Sun, is elsewhere described. 



OLD MASK (tCCA CLAN) 



(Plate XLVII) 



The ancient mask of the Tciui or Snake clan, called Wiki's katcina, 

 in whose keeping as clan chief it is, has a rounded top, with l)earded 

 face surrounded by a plaited corn-husk border in which are inserted 

 radiating eagle feathers and red horsehair. 



A horn is appended to each side of the head, and between the eyes 

 on the forehead appears an arrow symbol. The bod}' is painted red 

 and the kilt is horsehair of the same color. 



