38 PROFESSOR DUNS ON THE 



of his living presence on the minds of his followers unfitted 

 them for dealing impartially either with his own merits or with 

 the merits of his opponents. Even those who hold that 

 Darwin's special gifts were not those of a philosopher will 

 join heartily with his most enthusiastic admirers when they 

 claim for him the very highest place among naturalists. But, 

 apart altogether from his unrivalled skill as an observer,, and 

 looking at his speculations alone, we see that he has so 

 welded observation and speculation into one strong force, so 

 marshalled all the branches of his varied knowledge to the 

 line of one grand argument, as, in the belief of many, to have 

 made good for his leading hypothesis the weight and autho- 

 rity of an established law. And, thus regarded, it is held to 

 have suoerseded the principle of final causes {iirindpe des 

 causea finales, Cuvier) as a guide in biological study, and to 

 have shown that there are no logical points of contact between 

 uatLU'al science and natural religion. It will simplify the state 

 of the question to have before us the old and the new points 

 of view. 



" If we select any object from the whole extent of animated 

 nature, and contemplate it fully and in all its bearings, we 

 shall certainly come to the conclusion that there is design in 

 the mechanical construction, benevolence in the endowment 

 of the living properties, and that good, on the whole, is the 

 result'' (Tlie Hand, chap. i. By Sir Charles Bell). ''There 

 cannot be design without a designer, contrivance without a 

 contriver, order without thought " {Natural Theology, 

 chap. ii. 3. Paley). "We set out with assuming the 

 separate existence of our own mind independently of matter ; 

 without that we never could conclude that superior intelligence 

 existed or acted. The belief that mind exists is essential to 

 the whole argument by which we infer that the Deity exists. 

 This belief we have shown to be perfectly well grounded. It 

 is the Ibundation of natural theology in all its branches" 

 {Discorirse on Natural Theology, section iii. By Lord 

 Brougham). '' Every organised being forms a whole, a single 

 circumscribed system, the parts of which mutually correspond 

 and concur to the same dehnite action and re-action. None 

 of those parts can cliange without the others also changing, 

 and, consequently, each part, taken separately, indicates and 

 gives all the others " {Ossemens Fossiles. Cuvier). 



These quotations indicate the chief points in the argument 

 from design. The extract from Lord Brougham gives the 

 testimony of consciousness a place within it, and that from 

 Cuvier suggests the nature and scope of the law of correlation 



