90 NOTES ON THE 



writer that some of the leading geologists have not answered in accordance 

 with geological facts, and a misunderstanding as to which may lead to 

 serious error. 



" The geological formations of the Pleistocene period are, for the most 

 part, superficial gravels and clays, and deposits in caverns, and it is some- 

 what difficult, in many cases, to ascertain their relative age. We are aided 

 in this, however, by certain ascertained facts as to elevations and sub- 

 mergences of the land, and as to climatal conditions in the northern hemi- 

 sphere. There was at the beginning of the Pleistocene what has been called 

 a continental period, when the land of the northern hemisphere was more 

 extensive than now, and there seems to have been a mild climate. This was 

 succeeded by a period of cold, the so-called glacial period, in which the land 

 became diminished in extent by submergence, and the climate became so 

 severe that snow and ice prevailed over nearly all the temperate regions of 

 Europe, Asia, and North America. After this there was a second continental 

 period of mild climate, succeededby another submergence of limited duration, 

 and then the continents acquired the forms which they still retain. These 

 chronological points, important in reference to the correlation of geology and 

 the Bible, are represented in the following table : — 



" The Pleistocene, and Modern in the Northern Hemisphere with reference 

 to the Introduction of Man. {In descending order from 7ieiver to 

 older.) 



" Modern, or Period of Man and Modern Mammals : — 



" Becent Age. — Continents at or nearly at their present levels. — Existing 



races of men and living species of mammals in Europe. 

 " Post-glacial or Second Continental Age. — Land more extensive than 

 now. Climate temperate. Man represented in Europe and Western 

 Asia by races now extinct, and contemporary with the mammoth 

 and other great mammals also extinct, but also with modern 

 species. This was terminated by a submergence fatal to men and 

 many mammalia, and covering the land with gravel and silt. 



" Pleistocene, or Period of extinct and a few recent Mammals : — 



" Later Pleistocene, or Glacial Age. — Cold climate and great submer- 

 gence of land in northern hemisphere. 

 " Early Pleistocene or First Continental Age. — Land very extensive, 

 and inhabited by many mammals now extinct. Climate temperate. 



" It will be observed, with reference to the above table that the earliest 

 certain indications of man belong to the modern period alone, and that this 

 modern or human period is divided into two portions by a great submergence, 

 in which certain races of men and many mammals perished, and after which 

 the geographical conditions of the northern hemisphere were considerably 

 modified. I have not used the terms historic and pre-historic in the above 

 table, because, while in most countries the j)eriod of written history covers 

 only a locally variable part of the recent age, in other countries it extends 

 back into the post-glacial, which thus becomes the antediluvian period. I 

 have, however, elsewhere proposed the name Palajocosmic for the men of the 

 post-glacial age, and Neocosmic for the men of the recent ages, and shall 

 use these terms rather than Palceolithic and Neolithic, since these last refer 

 to forms of implements which, though locally of great antiquity, exist in 

 some places up to the present day. The men of the post-glacial age have 

 also been called men of the gravels and caves, and the men of the mammoth 

 and remdeer ages, and they resemble in physical features the modern 

 Turanian races of Northern Europe, Asia, and America. We might, with 

 reference to the Bible history, call them antediluvian men, but the evidence 



