102 MR, BOSCAWEN ON THE HISTOBICAL 



Let us now examine the other names of the confederate kings. 

 Amraphel^ a name which does not admit of a Semitic 

 etymology to which Gesenius gives the far-fetched explana- 

 tion of "IDi^ and 7Q^ , '^ the commandment which went 

 forth,^'' now finds its explanation in the inscriptions. The 

 name of the father of Khammurabi is given in our list 

 of Kings as Sin-muballit. " The Moon-god is the life- 

 giver,''^ Now^ many of the Chaldean kings having a 

 bilingual population, had dual forms of their names in 

 Akkadian and Semitic Babylonian, and the form which this 

 name would take in Akkadian would be that of Amar-pal, a 

 name corresponding exactly to that of Amraphel in this 

 important Hebrew record, Babylon, as we know, was built 

 in the land of Shinar (Gen. xi. 2).* The third member of the 

 confederation was called Tidal, King of the Goim, or Targal, 

 as the Septuagint reads, which is probably the more correct 

 reading. This name is, in all probability, to be restored in 

 the Akkadian form of Tar-gal, " the great Judge,'^ while the 

 land of Goim (R.V.) is the land of Guti, or Gutium of the 

 inscriptions, the district of South Kurdistan to the north-east 

 of Chaldea. Lastly, as to the name of the Elamite king. It is 

 evident from the expression, "twelve years they served 

 Chedorlaomer,^^ that the Elamite king was the head of the 

 confederation, the kings of Shinar, Larsa, and Goim being 

 of his vassals. Now we have seen Kudur-Mabug, the father 

 of Eriaku, claiming to be ruler of Elam, and his son acting 

 as viceroy under him. He also claims to be ruler of Sumir 

 (Shinar) and Akkad, that is. North and South Babylonia, so that 

 together with his rule over the West (Syria), he ruled exactly 

 such an empire as that of Chedorlaomer. The Hebrew name 

 Chedorlaomer "^^'j^b"^_13 is, asM. Lenormant has shown, an exact 



equivalent of the Elamite name J0 J^f i^^IT '"'"T "^^T ^TfT-^ ^IT"^ 

 ^^yy, KU-DU-UR (dp) la-ga-mar-ea, the G here corresponding to 

 the guttural ^. The name, which means " Servant of the God 

 Lagamar," is formed like KuDur-Nakhundi, " Servant of 

 Nakhundi,^'' or Kudur-Kharbi, " Servant of Bel,^^ will, I have 

 no doubt, some day be found on the monuments. 



Of the Elamite kings of this period we have the names of 

 Kudur-Nakhundi, Simti-Silkhak, and Kudur-Mabug. And 

 to these three we may add the name of Kudur Lagamae ; 

 and others no doubt some day may be found on the monu- 

 ments to complete the dynasty from B.C. 2280-2120. 



* Shinar — M. Lenormant lias shown that the Shinar of the Bible is the 

 same as the Sumir of the Monuments, the district of Babylonia south of the 

 Nahr Malka. — Etudes Accadiennes, Part 1. 



