104 MR. BOSCAWEN ON THE IIISTOEICAL 



reference made to many lands with which the scribes were 

 acquainted, and the fate of which they read in these celestial 

 signs. 



On the east of the Tigris we find Elam, called Num-ma, 

 "the high land/-" mentioned, and along with it the land of 

 Anzan (68) ; that is the district of which Susa was the 

 capital. North of these were the two important states of 

 Su-Edina and Guti. The land of Guti, Gutium, and Kuti, as 

 it is variously called, was the mountain region lying to the 

 north-east of Babylonia, and corresponding to the modern 

 Kurdistan. This district was the Goim of the Hebrew 

 writers, of which Tidal or Targal was king. It embraced 

 the mountains about the modern Holwan, the Halman or 

 Alman of the inscriptions, and extended as far north as 

 the plain of Assyria, and the head-waters of the Gi-eater 

 and Lesser Zab. The land of Suedina — which means " The 

 land of the border plain," — was the low land lying between 

 the mountains above mentioned and the Tigris, and 

 watered the Mie Dhnrnat or Tornadotus, and the Mie Kaldu 

 or Gyndes. In the inscription of the Kassite king 

 Agu-kak-rimi, the arrangement of these provinces is very 

 clearly set forth. The king claims the titles of king of the 

 Kassi or Cosseans, and the Akkadians, king of the wide- 

 spreading land of Babylonia, the coloniser of the land of 

 Asnunak, a vast people, king of Padan and Alman, and king 

 of Guti, male and female. Here we see Padan replaces Suedin, 

 and Alman is specified as a province of the land of the Guti 

 or Goira. The names Suedin and Guti, as Dr. Delitzsch has 

 shown, are sometimes shortened into Suti and Kuti, and even 

 Ku and Sii, and may be identified with the Koa and Shoa of 

 Ezekiel xxiii. 23. "Therefore, I will bring them against 

 thee on every side ; the Babylonians, the Chaldeans, Pekod, and 

 Shoa, and Koa, and all the Assyrians with them.^^ These tribes 

 formed the eastern neighbours of the Babylonians. For the 

 western neighbours we obtain from these tablets two nations, 

 " The land of Martu," of the Akkadians, that is, " The land 

 of the house of the setting sun,-'^ the " Mat Akharri,^^ or 

 western land of the Semites, and the land of the Khatti or 

 Hittites. In ancient times Martu meant rather the west in 

 general, but in later time, especially during the days of the 

 Assyrian rule, it became applied particularly to Phoenicia. 

 The Akharri or Phoenicians were the Khar or Khal of the 

 Egyptians ; and the Khatti of the astronomical tablet are the 

 Kheta of the Egyptians, the Hittites of the Bible. 



We thus see the geographical area of these astronomical 

 inscriptions exactly embraces that which such an alliance and 



