ARTICULATA. 163 



winter in crevices, or under bark, in little colonies. Mulsant has added a 

 considerable number of genera to the family. 



Order 5. Orthoptera. In this order {pi. 80, figs. 78-93) the anterior 

 wings (or tegrnina) are somewhat coriaceous and veined, with the inner 

 margins overlapping and not meeting in a straight line as in the Coleoptera. 

 The mouth is mandibulate, and much like that of the Coleoptera ; the 

 mandibles and maxilla3 are well developed, each of the latter being pro- 

 tected by an external jointed galea. The labrum is transverse, the labium 

 four-parted, and with the tongue, labial palpi, and maxillary palpi, well 

 developed. The body is generally long, the head vertical, the antennas 

 slender, and the thorax much as in the Coleoptera. In some cases the wings 

 are wanting, and sometimes they are so small as to be useless. Some have 

 the anterior wings only, and in one genus the posterior ones are alone 

 present. The feet are well developed, but whilst some forms are very 

 active, the movements of others are remarkably slow. The grasshoppers 

 are perhaps more destructive to growing vegetation than any other family. 

 The Mantid(B eat other insects, and the Blattidm or cockroaches destroy 

 both animal and vegetable substances. The Orthojytera are generally of a 

 large size, and although in bulk they probably do not surpass the gigantic 

 beetles, in the length of the body and the expanse of their feet and wings the 

 Phasmidoi much exceed them, some of them being eight or ten inches long. 



The Orthoptera are much less numerous in species than the Coleoptera, 

 although in the number of individuals they are at times extremely abundant. 

 There are six families: 1, ForficididcB ; 2, Blattidoe ; 3, Mantidm ; 4, 

 Phasmidce / 5, GryUidce / 6, Locustidoi / 7, Acridiidoi. 



Fam. 1. ForficuUdce. This family is considered an order by some 

 authors, under the name of Dermaptera.^ &c. They resemble {Fo/ficida., 

 pi. 81, figs. 1, 2) the Brachelytra., having a slender body, and the elytra 

 short, but they differ in the organs of the mouth, which correspond to the 

 type of the Orthoptera. From these they differ in the wings, which have a 

 peculiar structure, and in the peculiar pincer-like organ at the extremity of 

 the abdomen. The wings fold both longitudinally and transversely to bring 

 them under the elytra. They are active, and feed during the pupa state, in 

 which they resemble the typical Orthoptera. They run and fly well, li\'e 

 in damp places, and feed upon vegetable food. In Europe they feed upon 

 flowers, and are considered a great pest by gardeners, but the American 

 species seems not to destroy anything valuable, nor is it popularly known 

 by any name. Forficxda sits over her eggs and carefully watches the young 

 when they appear. The larvte resemble the adults, but they are without 

 wings, whilst the pupte show indications of them in an undevelojDed state. 

 These insects are trimerous, and the antennae are long, slender, and composed 

 of many articulations. Some authors admit but one genus in the family. 



Fam. 2. Blattidoi {Blatta, pi. W.fi^g. 93). The family of the cockroaches 

 has the body depressed, the head more or less hidden under the prothorax, the 

 elytra horizontal, with the inner edges passing over each other ; the antenna 

 are long and setaceous, the feet cursorial, the tarsi five-articulate, and the 

 apex of the abdomen with two slender appendages. 



367 



