ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT XXIX 



expressed by conduct; and he finds that just classification of 

 the activities of peoples removes the need for other classifica- 

 tions of men, at least in so far as civil conditions are concerned. 

 With the concentration of study on the human activities, they 

 gradually came to be recognized as at once the expressions and 

 the products of human intelligence. Considerable thought 

 has been given to the mode of development of the activital 

 jjroducts and of the activities themselves; and the researches 

 in this direction are yielding results worthy of record. 



1. The esthetic instinct is strongly developed among the 

 American aborigines, especially in childhood and early adoles- 

 cence; and even in maturity and old age it is abundantlv 

 manifested in ceremonial dances, in oral and instrumental 

 music, in symbolic decoration, in divinatory games, and in 

 other ways. Now, the researches indicate (1) that play 

 springs spontaneously in the individual as the expression of 

 hereditary function, normally strengthened by exercise in each 

 generation so as to pass on in increasing potency as the gen- 

 erations run; (2) that the play of the individual normally 

 epitomizes the serious as well as the lighter ancestral activi- 

 ties, and presages both the serious and the lighter activities 

 of the individual in later life and of his descendants in later 

 generations; (3) that through this inherent relation the spon- 

 taneous activities are gradually directed, during the life of the 

 individual and during the succession of generations, to more 

 serious ends; (4) that, in this way, industries spring perpet- 

 ually from pleasures; and' (5) that the pleasures constantly 

 spread from individual to individual and from group to group 

 through mimicry and other manifestations of the social instinct. 

 Accordingl}', while the esthetic activities tend to increase and 

 multiply through individual initiative, they are extended and 

 perpetuated only through interchange and heritage; so that, 

 despite a minor differential tendency, the general trend of 

 esthetic developinent is toward combination and integration. 



Pleasure and industry are concomitant and connate. Both 

 motives appear not only in the human race, but even among 

 the lower animals. Pleasure and life are ends which men 

 seek and have sought from primordial time, but jjleasure is 



