ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT XXXIII 



groups of persons are org-anized. We call these groups shaman- 

 istic societies; they are organized as religious bodies, hut the 

 term must be used with an extended meaning so as to include 

 the ceremonies which savage men believe to be religious. 

 Pleasure and pain, welfare and want, peace and warfare, 

 health and disease, and all good and evil are believed by the 

 savage men to be under the control of these shainanistic socie- 

 ties. Such religious bodies (if the term is permitted) play a 

 very important part in savage society; they are known as 

 brotherhoods, and the chief of the brotherhood is called their 

 father, and the members of the brotherhood call one another 

 brothers and sisters. Thus even their societies are plamied 

 on kinship ideas. 



Some of the tribes of America are organized on a somewhat 

 different plan which may be set forth. When they are organ- 

 ized on this new plan we call them barbarians, and thus dis- 

 tinguish them from tribes that are organized on the clanship 

 system. First, the father becomes the head of the family jmd 

 authority is in the father rather than in the mother. Second, 

 for the group which is called the clan in sa'S'agery there is sub- 

 stituted tlie gens in barbarism; this group embraces all of 

 those persons who reckon kinship through fathers, so that the 

 father and his brothers and sisters, together with the grand- 

 father and his brothers and sisters, and all other consanguineal 

 kindred back in past generations and forward in future genei'- 

 ations are called a gens. Children of the same father only ;ire 

 called brothers and sisters, but the chilch'en of his Ijrothers are 

 designated by his children in tei-ms which may be translated 

 cousin; then cousins who are children of the father's broth- 

 ers nnd sisters, and also those who are children of the motlier's 

 brothers and sisters, are called by terms which are often trans- 

 lated into English as coming under the designation cousin, 

 though in barbarism a distinction is made, cousins through the 

 father and cousins through the mother having diff"erent desig- 

 nations. Thus there are two terms which signify cousins; and 

 tliese cousins are further classed by age relative to the person 

 speaking. The gens appears in Greek and Roman history, 

 where it is known as the agnatic kindred. The tribe remains a 



17 ETH III 



