156 CALENDAR HISTORY OF THE KIOWA [eth.axn.17 



small boy on the head of the Xorth Platte, west of the preseut towu of 

 Cheyenne, Wyoming. 



The friendship between the Kiowa and the Crows was close and inti- 

 mate, in spite of occasional quarrels, and continued after the Kiowa 

 had entirely removed from the north and established themselves on the 

 Arkansas. They made common cause against the invading Dakota 

 and Cheyenne from the east, by whom they were finally dispossessed. 

 As already stated, the Kiowa obtained their present fai-me or sun- 

 dance medicine from the Crows, and the sacred arrow lance of Tiingu- 

 adal's family came originally from the same source. For a long time 

 after removing from the north it was a frequent occurrence for Kiowa 

 fathers to make visits to the Crows and leave with that tribe their 

 young children for two or three years in order that they might learn 

 the Crow language and thus help to preserve the old friendship. There 

 are still several old people among the Kiowa who have a considerable 

 Crow vocabulary acquired in this way. Conversely, the northern 

 Arapaho state that the Crows refer to the Kiowa as their relatives, 

 and that some of them speak a little of the language accpiired during 

 similar visits to the south. 



THE ASSOCIATED KIOWA APACHE 



Incorporated with the Kiowa, and forming a component part of their 

 tribal circle, is a small tribe of Athapascan stock, commoidy known as 

 Apache or Kiowa Apache, but calling themselves Nadiislia Dena. 

 They are not a detached band of the Apache tribe proper of Arizona, 

 as has commonly been supposed, but came down with the Kiowa from 

 the north, and neither tribe has any tradition of a time when they 

 were not associated. They will be spoken of at length later on. This 

 ancient Athapascan alliance is another link in the chain connecting 

 the Kiowa with the far north. 



THE HISTORICAIi PERIOD 



POSSESSION OF THE BLACK HILLS 



We come now to more definite historic ground. Situated east of the 

 Crows, the Kiowa took possession of the Black Hills (Sddalkdni K'op, 

 "stomach-rind, i. e., 'manifold,' mountains"), and having by this time 

 procured some horses, began to make raids on the Spanish frontiers 

 to the south, while they established a friendly trade and intercourse 

 with the Arikara and Mandan on the Missouri. They are mentioned 

 under the name of Cargua (for Caigua) in a Spanish document of 1732, 

 and again as Caigua in 1735, In 1748 the Spanish historian Villa- 

 senor mentions the " Cayguffs," in connection with Comanche, Apache, 

 Navaho, and Ute, as among the hostile tribes of New Mexico (see the 

 synonymy). It will be remembered that the greater ijortion of what is 



