MOONEY] POSSESSION OF THE BLACK HILLS 157 



now Colorado was included with New Mexico under Spanish domiua- 

 tiou. If, as seems possible, they are identical with the Manrhoat or 

 Manrhout of La Salle, allies of the Gattacka (Kiowa Apache), our 

 knowledge of the tribe would go back t<i 10S2. They continued to 

 occupy tlie IJlack Hills until about the close of the last century, when 

 they were driven out by the Dakota advancing from the east, and by 

 the Cheyenne who crosseil the Missouri from the northeast. The 

 same pressure drove their t)ld allies, the Crows, farther westward. 



The northern Cheyenne informed Gvinnell that on first coming into 

 their present country they liad found the region between the Yellow- 

 stone and Cheyenne rivers, including the Black Hills, in possession of 

 the Kiowa and Comanche (?), whom they drove out and forced to the 

 south. When the author was among the Dakota some years ago, they 

 informed him that they had first known the Kiowa in the Black Hills, 

 and had driven them out from that region. This is admitted by the 

 Kiowa, who continued at war with the Dakota and Cheyenne until 

 about 1840, when a permanent peace was made. It does not appear 

 that the Arapaho had anything to do with this expulsion of the Kiowa, 

 with whom they seem generally to have been on friendly terms, 

 although at a later period we find them at war with the Kiowa, being 

 probably drawn into hostilities through their connection with the 

 Cheyenne. As is well known to ethnologists, the Dakota are compara- 

 tively recent immigrants from east of the Missouri. They first reached 

 the Black Hills in 1775, as already stated, so that the final expulsion 

 of the Kiowa must have occurred between that date and 1805, when 

 Lewis and Clark found tlie Cheyenne in possession of the same region, 

 the Cheyenne being then at war with the Dakota. Curiously enough, 

 there is no note of this war on any of the several Dakota calendars 

 covering- this period, described and illustrated by Mallery, although 

 we find a reference to the killing of a Kiowa in the winter of 1811-15. 



THE EXTINCT K'UATO 



The Kiowa have a better memorj', and one of their old hero stories 

 relates to the slaughter of an entire band of Kiowa by the Dakota. 

 The ill-fated band was called the Khhifo, a name signifying "pulling 

 np, or i)ulling out" from the ground or from a hole, being indicated in 

 the sign language by the motion of "pulling up" with one or both 

 hands. According to the story the Kiowa, apparently nearly the whole 

 tribe together, were attacked by an overwhelming body of the Dakota. 

 Finding resistance hopeless, they fled, but the chief of the K'uato urged 

 his people not to run, " because if they did their relatives in the other 

 world would not receive them." Inspired to desperate courage by his 

 words, the K'uato faced the enemy and were all killed where they stood, 

 excepting one woman who had fled with the others. According to 

 Te'bodal, who was born about 1817 and is now the oldest man in the 

 tribe, this massacre took place when his grandfather was a young man, 



