MooxEY] FIRST AMERICAN NOTICES 165 



tlie lower country ou eacli side. Old men are still living in the tribe 

 who have raided as far south as the city of Durango (which they know 

 by this name) and southwest through Sonora and Sinaloa to the Gulf of 

 California. These war parties would sometimes be absent two years. 

 To the west they reached the great Colorado river and tell of killing 

 some Havasupai in their canyon home. In the east they made captives 

 on Matagorda bay, Texas. 



NEUTRAL ATTITUDE OF NEW MEXICANS 



According to the Kiowa and Comanche, whose statements are con- 

 firmed by abundant testimony from other sources, the inhabitants of 

 New Mexico, from mercenary motives, usually held themselves neutral 

 in this war on their brethren to the south. New Mexican Comancheros 

 and domesticated Pueblo Indians carried on a lucrative trade amoug 

 these tribes at the same time that Kiowa or Comanche war parties were 

 ravaging the southern provinces or selling horses and mules, taken in 

 these raids, to the inhabitants of Las Vegas and neighboring towns. 

 The lances and tomahawks used by their warriors were of Mexican 

 manufacture, more slender and graceful in design than those supplied 

 to the northern tribes by English and American traders. It was only 

 by such tacit connivance or active aid from the people of New Mexico 

 that these tribes were able to carry on an unceasing warfare of exter- 

 mination as far south as Tamaulipas and Durango iu Mexico. 



EELATIONS WITH OTHER SOUTHERN TRIBES 



Subsequent to the treaty with the Comanche, and as a consequence 

 of it, the Kiowa made peace with the Mescalero Apache (E'sil-irita), 

 with whom they had formerly been at enmity, having driven them 

 from the Staked plains into the mountains west of the Pecos. The 

 friendship, however, was somewhat precarious. They were also on 

 friendly terms with the Wichita and their associated tribes, the Waco, 

 Tawdkoni, and Kichai. With the Caddo and the cannibal Tonkawa 

 to the east, and with the Navaho and Ute and presumably also the 

 Jlcarilla Apache on the west, they were always at war. They usually 

 carried on a friendly trade with the neighboring Pueblos. Their rela- 

 tions with the Apache of Arizona were too casual to be of a definite 

 nature. They were at war with the Osage until 1834. To all these 

 tribes the confederated Kiowa, Comanche, and Apache held but one 

 and the same relation after the alliance of about 1790. 



FIRST OFFICIAL AMERICAN NOTICES, 1805-1807 



The earliest official account of the Kiowa is given by the explorers 

 Lewis and Clark, who ascended the Missouri in 1804 and wintered 

 among the Mandan, before proceeding onward across the mountains 

 and down to the mouth of the Columbia. They do not appear to have 



