248 CALENDAR HISTORY OF THE KIOWA [eth.ann.17 



Apache, like tbe cognate Sarsi, have come dowu along the eastern base 

 of the Rocky mountains from the great Athapascan hive of the Mac- 

 kenzie river region instead of along the chain of the Sierras, the line 

 followed by the kindred Tototin, Wailaki, Navaho, and Apache proper, 

 and that, finding themselves too weak to stand alone, they took refuge 

 with the Kiowa, as the Sarsi have done with the Blackfeet. 



In regard to this northern origin and early association Clark says, 

 in his valuable work on tbe sign language: "Tradition locates the 

 Kiowas near and to the southwest of the Black Hills, Dakota, and 

 without doubt they had previous to that time lived near the Missouri 

 river. The Apaches with whom they are now associated were at this 

 time with them." In another place he states that an old Apache told 

 him, about 1881, that he was then about seventy years of age and had 

 been born near Missouri river, northeast of the Black Hills {Cktrl; 10). 

 Keim chooses to call them Lipan, in which he is mistaken, the Lipan 

 being still another Athapascan tribe living farther south, and states 

 that "these people arc, improperly known as Apaches and so called in 

 the oflicial documents of the government. They say of themselves 

 that they are not Apaches, that the Apaches live away to tbe west." 

 He says that they have a tradition of having formerly lived in the 

 Badlands of Dakota, whence they drifted to tbe south, but adds some- 

 what naively that thei-e is no other authority for this than their own 

 stovY {Ki'im, i). 



As the Apache are practically a part of tbe Kiowa in everything but 

 language, they need no extended separate notice. Curiously enoiigh 

 their authentic histtn-y begins nearly seventy years earlier tban that of 

 the dominant tribe with which they are associated. They are first 

 mentioned by tbe French explorer La Salle, in an undated letter of 

 lOSl or 1682, under tbe name of Gattacka. Writing from a i)ost in 

 what is now Illinois, be says that the Pana (Pawnee) live more than 

 200 leagues to the west, on one of the tributaries of the Mississii>pi, 

 and are "neighbors and allies of tbe Gattacka and Manrboet, who are 

 south of their villages, and who sell to them horses, which they proba- 

 bly steal from the Spaniards of New Mexico." In another fragmentary 

 letter of 1682, written from the same i^lace, be proposes to make an 

 overland journey by means of horses, "which may easily be had, as 

 there are many with the savages called Pana, Pancassa, Manrbout, 

 Gataea, Panimaha, and Pasos, who lie somewhat remote, it is true, but 

 yet communication with them is very easy by means of tbe river of the 

 Missourites, which flows into the river Colbert" {Margry. 1). In mod- 

 ern terms Pana, Pancassa (or Paneassa), Gataea (for (xataca), Pani- 

 maha, Missourites, and Colbert are respectively Pawnee, Ponca ( ?), 



Kiowa A.pacbe, PawneeMaba or , Missouri, and Mississippi. 



Paso is problematic, and Manrboet or Manrbout, which in both letters 

 is mentioned in connection with tlie Kiowa Apache, may possibly be 

 some obsolete name for tbe Kiowa themselves. 



