716 INTRODUCTION. 
“J fully concur in the fitness and expediency of this convention ; and although I 
am fully of opinion that the change of circumstances and political relations in 
our country have imperiously required the interposition of the people to revise 
the constitution, yet itis my hope that the convention may proceed with great 
caution and moderation. Not only,” said he, “are the great principles of free 
government which arise from, and are sustained by, the intelligence and virtue 
of the people, denied by the great nations of the old world, but a contrary and 
most slavish doctrine is proclaimed and enforced by them; a doctrine which 
falsely assumes that a select portion of mankind only are set apart by Providence, 
and made solely responsible for the government of mankind. In contradiction 
to this theory it is our bounden duty to make it manifest to all men, that a free 
people are capable of self-government; that they can make, and abate, and re- 
make their constitution ; and that, at all times, our public liberties, when impaired, 
may be renovated, without destroying those securities which education and man- 
ners, our laws and constitutions, have provided.” 
The governor, chancellor, chief justice and justices of the supreme court, 
under the old constitution, were a council to revise bills which passed both 
houses; and bills which were returned with objections failed to become laws, 
unless they received the votes of two-thirds of the members. A committee pro- 
posed to abolish this part of the constitution, and to confide the revising power 
to the executive alone, but to retain the provision declaring that bills should 
become laws if passed by two-thirds of the members of both houses. The pro- 
position to abolish the council of revision was unanimously adopted. Ambrose 
Spencer, then chief justice, admitted the expediency of separating the judges 
from the legislative power, but opposed with zeal the vesting the power in the 
governor, unless he was made more independent of the legislature. Peter R. 
Livingston strenuously labored to obtain such a modification of the proposed 
amendment as would permit bills, returned with objections, to pass, if they should 
then receive the votes of two-thirds of the members elected to each house. 
Jonas Platt, then a justice of the supreme court, and member of the council of 
